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What does the human reproductive system do?
It produces, stores, nourishes, and transports functional gametes
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What are Functional Gametes?
They are haploid reproductive cells that has ½ the normal number of chromosomes
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What is Fertilization?
It is the fusion of a sperm from the male and a immature ovum from the female to form a zygote?
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What is a Zygote?
A Fertilized egg
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What things do the Reproductive system includes?
Gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs, and the external genitalia
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The Sperm is produce where and how is it expelled?
It is produced in the testes; they are expelled from the body in semen during ejaculation
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The ______ of a sexually mature female produces an egg that travels along the ________ to reach the ______.
Ovaries; uterine tubes; uterus
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What connects the uterus with the exterior?
Vagina
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The Spermatozoa has to travel along what before leaving the body?
Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra.
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What are the accessory organs that secrete into the ejaculatory ducts and urethra?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
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The _________ encloses the testes, and the _____ is an erectile organ.
Scrotum; Penis
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The _________ through the inguinal canals occurs during development.
Descent of the testes
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Before developemnt, the testes are held in place by the what?
Gubernaculums testis
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Dure the seventh developmental month, differential growth and contraction of the _______ causes the testes to descend.
Gubernaculums testis
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The testes remain collected to the abdominal cavity through the ________.
Spermatic Cords
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What marks the boundary between the two chambers in the crotum?
Perineal Raphe
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Each testis lies in it own what?
Scrotal Cavity
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Contraction of the _______ gives the crotum a wrinkled apperance; the _______ pulls the testes closer to the body.
Dartos Muscle; cremaster muscle
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What is a serious membrane that covers the tunica albuginea?
Tunica Vaginalis
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What is the fibrous capsule the surrounds each testis?
Tunica Albuginea
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Septa extend from the tunica albuginea to the ________, creating a series of ______.
Mediastinum; lobules
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What is within each lobule are the sites of sperm production?
Seminiferous tubules
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From Seminiferous tubules, sperm pass through a ______ to the _______.
Straight tubule; rete testis.
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What connects the rete testis to the epididymis?
Efferent Ducts
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Between somniferous tubules, __________ secrete male sex hormones, androgens.
Interstitial cells
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Seminiferous tubules contain __________, stem cells involved in ____________.
Spermatogonia; Spermatogeneis
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What is Spermatogeneis?
Production of Sperm
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The Spermatogonia produce _____________, _________ cells ready undergo _________.
Primary Spermatocytes; diploid; meiosis
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How man spermatids are produced for every primary spermatocyte?
4
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The spermatids remain embedded within ________ while they mature into a ________.
Sustentacular Cell; Spermatozoon
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The sustentacular cells function to maintain the blood-testis barries, support spermatogenesis, secrete ______m and secrete _______.
Inhibin; Androgen-Bindin Protein
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Each spermatozoon what what parts?
Head, Neck, Middle Piece, and Tail
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The tip of the a sperm head has what?
A Acrosomal Cap
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The tail of a sperm has what?
A single Flagellum
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Why does spermatozoon have to absorb nutrients from the environment?
Because they lack most intracellular structures.
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After detaching from the sustentacular cells, the spermatozoa are carried along fluid currents into the epididymis, an elongate tubule with what three things?
Head, body and tail
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What does the Head of sperm contain?
Densely packed chromosomes
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What does the Epididymis do?
- Monitors and Adjusts the composition of the tubular fluid
- Serves as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa
- stores spermatozoa
- facilitates their functional maturation
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The __________ begins at the epididymis and passes through the inguinal canal as one component of the spermatic cord.
Ductu Deferen or Vas Deferens
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Near the prostate, it englarges to form the what?
Amulla
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The junctions of the base of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla creats what?
Ejaculatory duct
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What ductus deferens function to do what?
To transport and store spermatozoa
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The Urethra extends from what to what?
Urinary bladder to the tip of the penis.
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The urethra can be divided into what three regions?
Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra
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The accessory glands of the male reproductive system function to do what?
To activate and provide nutrients to the spermatozoa and produce buffers to neutralize the acidity of the urethra and vagina
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What is an active secretory gland that contributes about 60 percent of the volume of the semen; its secretions are high in fructose which is easily used to produce APT by spermatozoa?
Seminal Vesicle
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What secretes a weakly acidic fluid that accounts 20-30 percent of the volume of semen?
Prostate gland
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These secretions contain an antibiotic, ______, which may help prevent urinary tract infections in men.
Seminalplasmin
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A typical Ejaculation release how much of semen and contains how much sperm?
2-5ml and a sperm count of 20-100
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The penis can be divided into what?
Root (Made of Crura), body(shaft) and glands
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The ______ surrounds the tip of the penis.
Prepuce (foreskin)
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Most of the body of the penis consist of three masses of what?
Erectile Tisue
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When the smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax, the erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood, producing what?
Erection.
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Principal structures of female reproductive system include what?
The Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, and External Genitalia
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What is the uterus made of?
It is made of muscular later of myometrium
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The ovaries are held in position by the _________ and the ________.
Ovarian Ligament; Suspensory Ligament
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What occur monthly in ovarian follicles as part of the ovarian cycle?
Oogenesis
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What are the steps of Oogensis?
- 1. Formation of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles
- 2. Ovulation
- 3. Formation and Degeneration of the Corpus Luteum
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The decline in progesterone and estrogen triggers the secretion of ____, which in turn triggers a rise in FSH ans LH production, and the entire cycle begins again.
GnRH
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What has an expanded funnel which is called what and with what?
Uterine Tube; infundibulum; Fimbrae
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What three parts open into the Uterine cavity?
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
- Intramural Part
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What does the uterus provide?
It provides mechanical protection and nutritional support to the developing embryo.
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The uterus is stabilized by what three ligaments?
- Uterosacral Ligaments
- Round Ligaments
- Cardinal Ligaments
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The gross divisions of the uterus include the what?
- Body
- Fundus
- Isthmus
- Cervix
- External OS
- Uterine Cavity
- Cervical Canal
- Internal OS
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The Uterine can be divided into what?
- Inner Endometrium
- Muscular Myometrium
- Superficial Perimetrium
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A typlical 28-Day Uterine Cycle(Menstrual Cycle) begins with the onset of what?
Menses and the destruction of the functional zone of the endometrium
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The process of _____ continues from 1-7days.
Menstruation
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After Menses, the ______ begins and the functional zone undergoes repair and thickens.
Proliferative phase
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Menstrual activity begins at menarche and continues until what?
Menopause
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What is a Vagina?
is an elastic, muscular tube extending between the uterus and external genitalia.
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What does the vagina do?
The vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual fluids, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and forms the lower portion of the birth canal.
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A thin epithelial fold, the ____, partially blocks the vagina entrance.
Hymen
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The Structures of the vulva include the what?
Vestibule, labia minora, clitoris, labia majora
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What keeps the vulva area moistened in the around the vestibule?
The lesser and greater vestibular glands
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The fatty _______ creates the outer limit of the vulva.
Mons Pubis
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What lie in the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin of the chest and are the site of milk prouction or lactation?
Mammary Glands
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The ducts of underlying mammary glands open onto the body surface of the _______.
Nipple
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Mammary glands develop during pregnancy under the influence of prolactin and growth hormone from the anterior pituitary, as well as what from placenta?
Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)
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What develops functions as a temporary endocrine organ, producing several important hormones and facilitate gas and nutrient exchange.
Placenta
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By the time the corpus luteum degenerates, the placenta is what?
is actively secrecting both estrogen and progesterone.
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What does they placenta produce?
Relaxin
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