Exchanging Materials Vocabulary

the entire contents of the cell, except the nucleus, bonded by the plasma membrane

a protein that plays a role in the active or passive movement of specific substances through cell membranes

of membranes, allowing some substances to cross and preventing others from crossing

a protein linked to a sugar or polysaccharide; component of receptor molecules on the outer surface of cells

a lipid covalently linked to a sugar or polysaccharide; an important part of animal cell membranes

the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area

a difference in the concentration of a substance over a distance

the movement of water (or another solvent) through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a lower concentration of solutes to one with a higher concentration of solutes

a cell's swelling against its cell wall caused by the pressure of the cell's contents

the diffusion of a substance through a biological membrane

the movement of a substance through a biological membrane against a concentration gradient with the help of metablic energy

the spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients

the cellular uptake of materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs extracellular materials

the release of macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

the waxy outer layer covering the surfaces of most land-dwelling plants, animals, and fungi

the opening between two guard cells in the epidermis of a plant leaf through which gases are exchanged with the air

the loss of water to the atmosphere by a plant through the stomates in its leaves

the tendencey for an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment by regulating its metabloism and adjusting to its environment

a toxic nitrogen compund (NH3) excreted by some aquatic organisms; thought to have been present in Earth's early atmosphere

the functional unif of a kidney consisting of a glomerulus, its associated capsule, and tubule, surrounded by capillaries

an organ that regulates water and salt levels, filters water and wastes from the blood, and excretes the end products

a vertebrate organ system that regulates levels of water and didssolved substances in the body, excreting wastes as urine

the solution of wastes excreted from the kidney

a muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

an organ that stores uribe before it is discharged from the body through the urethra

the tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outise of the body

the cup of a nephron, which filters blood; also called Bowman's capsule

a ball of capillaries surrounded by a glomerular capsule in the nephron; the site of filtration in the kidneys

a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland; helps regulate sodium and potassium concentrations and water balance

the regulation of the activity of an enzyme by one of its products

a hormone released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary (an endocrine gland in the brain); enhances conservation of water by the kidneys