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Budding
Method of viral egress that does not immediately destroy host cell
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RNA
Type of nucleic acid found in the retroviruses
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Number of Identical strands of nucleic acid carried by one of the retro virses?
Two
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Form of nucleic acid that carries amino acids to the host ribosome?
TRNA
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What is PSA?
A type of carcinogenic embryonic antigen that is produced in prostate cancer.
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What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
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What is translation?
Process in which the nitrogenous base sequence of m-RNA is converted to an amino acid sequence?
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Groups of 3 nucleotides on m-RNA?
Condons
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Phosopolipid membrane covering some viruses?
Envelope
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Number of nucliec acids in any virus?
One
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Group of 3 nucleotides in DNA?
Triplets
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Rupture of host cell wall by the exit of viruses?
Lysis
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Process in which the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA is converted to a sequence on m-RNA?
Transcription
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Liver infection that can result in a carrier state?
HBV
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Enzyme used by retroviruses to copy information from RNA to DNA?
Reverse Transcriptase
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Type of molecule that causes cells to lose contact inhibition?
Early Protein
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Type of Viral infection in which the virus remains in the nucleoplams after the symptoms have disappeared?
Latent
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Name for a complete virus?
Virion
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Destruction of viral coat once it is inside a host cell?
Uncoating
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Proteins found in the membranes of virally-infected cell; these mark the cells for immune destruction.
Anigens
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Protein coat of any virus?
Capsid
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Infection in which a childhood herpes virus reappears in a different form in some adults?
Shingles
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Type of virus that can convert normal cells to cancer cells?
Oncogentic
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Viruses that attack bacteria?
Bacteriophage
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Virus that can cause Infectious Mononucleosis or Burkitt's lymphoma?
EBV
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Infection in which the virus remains within the host cytoplasm and constantly extrudes for year?
Persistent
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Cycle in which a virus remains inactive in a bacterial chromosome, replicating with the bacterium?
Lysogeny
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Virus that has integrated inside the host genome?
Provirus
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Type of viral infections in which the host rids the virus from the body?
Overt
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How are viruses Named?
- They are named by which diease they cause or location or by their family name.
- Family Name: -viridae
- Genus: -virus
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Steps of Viral Replication
Attachment - They bond to our cells by a specific port of entry.
Penetration - They penetrate our cells by phagocytosis (our cell pulling it in)
Enveloped viruses can also pentetrate cell by fusion, when the envelope fuses to cell membrane.
Uncoated - when the viral nucleic acid is seperated from its protein coat.
Replication (biosynthesis) - making more viruses. Viruses Can replicate it (cytoplams, nucleoplasm or chromosome)
- Release - budding, lysis (the cell is destroyed) or
- latency (provirus, when a virus gets in out cell's chromosome and never leaves, everytime we reproduce celsl it will have the virus in the chromosomes)
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Early Proteins
Late Translation
Early Proteins - Enzymes for nucleic acid replication
Late Proteins- are the rest of the enzymes that are used to warpa coat, capsomeres and antigens.
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How do virions assemble and mature?
Little peptides for polypeptides and that forms capsomeres and those form the capsid...now we have whole virions.
Capsid + Nucliec Acid Core = Virion
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Provirus
Viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's DNA
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DNA
- DNA -------> m-RNA -------------> Protein
- Transcription Translation
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Transctiption
1. Cleave: Cleave hydrogen bonds between backbones of DNA exposing triplets.
2. Formation of m-RNA on template
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Translation
- The t-RNA carring the anti-codons bonds to the complementary m-RNA codon on the ribosome.
- As m-RNA moves the amino acids bond together and form strings of them.
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Overt Infection
- When the virus escapres the cell by lysis --> cell destruction
- You know you are infected.
- Has late proteins(capsomeres, enzymes, antigengs) your immune system can "tag" these as being bad and destroy
- Examples: common cold, infuenza, mumps and rabies
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Latent Infection
- Virus can hide in the nucleus of cell and can stay inactive then become active later on. It goes to the cells of the body that arn't actively reproducing.
- Can come back with same symptoms such has herpes or mono or different symptoms such as chicken pox coming back as shingles.
- No late proteins.
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Persistent Infection
- In the cytoplams.
- You are not sick yourself, but can still spread virus.
- Ex. HBV
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Oncogenic Transformation
When a normal cell becomes tumor cells.
Loss of contact inhibition and microtubules.
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Interferion
A chemical produced by a cell that protects the cell around it. Not virus-specific can kill all viruses.
The infected cell produces the interferion and it diffuses out to surrounding cells. The cell then produces a repressor enzyme that interfers with transcrption and translation.
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Tests Used in Lab
- MSA (mannitol salt agar) - If mannitol can be fermented they will be yellow, if not remain pink.
- Catalase - use hydrogen peroxide, if bubbles mean catalase is produced.
- Hemolysis - where the agar around the colony changes color. Alpha -green Bete - Yellow Gama -Red
- Phenol red mannitol broth - if we put colony in broth and turns yellow it's positive, stays red it will be negative.
- Taxo A - Bacitracin, look for zone of inhibition
- Taxo P - Ptochin
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Fermentation
Energy Source - organic compounds
Electron Carriers - NAD+
Final electron acceptor - Pyruvic Acid, Acetaldedyge
End Products - Organic acid or alcohol
ATP = 2
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Anaerobic Respiration
Energy Source - Inorganic Compounds
Electron Carriers - NAD+
Final Electron Acceptor - Nitrate, Sulfate, Carbonate
ATP = 2<ATP<38
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Energy Source - Organic Compounds
Electron Carriers - NAD+, FAD
Final Electron Acceptor - O2
End Products - Water, CO2
ATP = 38
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Influenza
Virues - eneveloped RNA virus with N and H Spikes
3 types: A, B, C named by the combinations of the H & N Antigens
Pandemics have all been type A Viruses
- Does not usually cause diarrhea or vomiting, Causes LRI and URI
- Mortality rate for most strains is 1%.
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Antigenic Drift
Small changes = new strains of B and C
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Antigenic Shift
Abrupt, major change in type A = new subtype
Harder for your body to make antibodies against this type of change.
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Recombination Cycle
When new virses are made.
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Cytokine Storm
This explain why pandemics kill the young and healthy.
The immune system acts more vigiorsly and produces more cytokines (chemical that kills you) if your healthy
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