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Structure of Respiratory Lobule (3)
Respiratory bronchiole, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries
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Alveolar sac is separated by septa which contains
Capillary Network-blood is exposed to air on both sides
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Type I cells are for?
Gas Exchange
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Type II cells are for?
Surfactant Production which keep alveoli patent
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How does air get into lungs? (hint: Intrapulmonary or alveolar pressure, intrapleural and intrathoracic pressure)
Intrapulmonary pressure or alveolar pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure
Intrapleural (-4) and Intrathoracic pressure are negative
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Ventilation:
Which anatomical structure plays a major role in ventilation?
The diaphragm
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Ventilation:
Which other muscles paly a role in ventilation besides the diaphragm?
Intercostal Muscles
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Ventilation:
Which muscles are not involved in normal ventilation?
Accessory Muscles
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What is lung compliance?
It refers to the ease with which the lungs can be inflated
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Which 2 fibers determine lung compliance?
Elastin and Collagen Fibers
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What is the role of surfactant?
Prevents the lungs from collapsing
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Lung Volumes
Describe Tidal, Inspiratory Reserve, Expiratory Reserve, and Residual
Tidal is normal respiration; 500mL
Inspiratory Reserve- max air inspired at the end of nl respiration
Expiratory Reserve- max air exhaled after nl expiration
Residual Volume- the amt. of air that can not be breathed in or out of the lung with maximal effort
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Lung Capacities
Total Lung Capacity
Vital Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
- Total lung capacity- amt of max air inspired
- Vital Capacity- max air exhaled after max inspiration
- Inspiratory Capacity- max air inhaled starting from resting inspiratory position
- Functional residual Capacity- the amt of air remaining after nl respiration
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What is FVC?
the air you can breathe out
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What is FEV1?
The amount you breathe out in 1 min
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A decrease in FEF (25-75%) is mainly a problem with which airways?
Medium
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If you have a decrease in FEV1/FVC, which lung d/o is this indicative of?
Obstructive (Asthma, COPD, Bronchiectasis, CF)
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If the FEV1/FVC ratio is nl, but FVC and FEV1 are decreased, what lung d/o is this indicative of?
Restrictive (Sarcoidosis, Occupational, Interstitial)
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Ventilation and Perfusion
Describe gravity's role on the lung and intrapleural pressure at the apex. What does this result in (hint: alveoli)
Gravity when standing exerts a downward pull on the lungs creating a neg intrapleural pressure at the apices which expands the alveoli making them less compliant
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Ventilation and Perfusion
Where is blood flow less? In the upper or base of the lung?
Upper
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What can cause a decrease in diffusion of gases?
A thick septa
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Matching of ventilation and perfusion depends on?
anatomical dead space (the air in trachea and large/med bronchioles)
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What is alveolar dead space?
The air that doesn't partake in gas exchange
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What is physiological dead space?
Anatomic + Alveolar
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What is shunting?
Blood moving from R to L without being oxygenated
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Mismatching of ventilation and perfusion is do to what (2)?
What could this lead to/
dead air space and shunting, which can lead to cyanosis
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Pneumonia is an infection due to inflammation of the parenchymal structures such as?
The alveoli and bronchioles. It is not an airway problem
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Pneumonia can be either infectious or non infectious. Give examples
- Infectious-bacterial or viral
- Non infectious- gastric aspiration
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How are pneumona bacterial infections caused (4)?
Which is the most common?
- Inhalation from air-MOST COMMON
- Aspiration from previously colonised airway-if host defense is down the bacteria can spread from colonization
- Direct spread- injury to chest wall/trauma
- Hematogenous- through the blood
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