-
ORDER OF MENINGES
- OUT TO IN
- DURA MATER- ARACHNOID-PIA MATER
-
Dermatomes key points
- C6-OK SIGN
- T4 NIPPLES
- T10 UMBILICUS
- L1 INGUINAL LIGAMENT
- L3 KNEE
- S1 FOOT
- S4 AND 5 ANUS
-
CSF
- MADE BY CHAROID PLEXUSES IN VENTRICLES
- ABSORBED IN ARACHNOID VILLA
- OCCUPIES THE SUBARACHNIOD SPACE
- 125 TO 150 ML
-
BLOOD SUPPLY OF BRAIN
- 800 TO 1000 ML/MIN WITH 60-100ML AT ONE TIME
- REGULATED BY CO2
- MAIN SUPPLIES
- 2 INTERNAL CAROTID 80%
- MIDDLE CEREBAL ART (UPPER BODY)
- ANTERIOR CEREBAL (LOWER BODY)
- 2 VERTEBRAL ART 20%
- COMBINED TO MAKE THE BASILAR ARTERY
- THEN FORM THE COMMUNICATION ART (CIRCLE OF WILLIES)
- (VISUAL LOSS AND DIZZNIESS)
-
ASTROCYTES
- SORROUND THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BRAIN (BBB)
- FILL IN THE SPACE BETWEEN NEURONS
-
OLIGODENDROLIA
MAKE MYELIN IN CNS
-
-
-
INHIBITORY NT
- GABA
- DOPAMINE
- SERATONIN
- ENDORPHINS
- ENCEPHALINS
-
DEPOLARIZING DRUGS
- EX SUCCS
- BIND TO ACH RECPTORS AND KEEP THE MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZED
- ACH-ERASE (BRAKE DOWN ENZYME) DOES NOT WORK
-
NONDEPOLARIZAING BLOCKING MED
- ARE COMPETITIVE ACH ANTAGONIST THAT COMPETE AT ACH RECEPTORS SITE BUT ONCE ON DON'T CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION
- ACH CAN REVERSE
-
BASAL GANGLIA
- INTERCONNECTS WITH SPINE, THALAMUS, PREMOTOR CORTEX, RED NUCLEUS, RECTICULAR FORMATION
- ABILITY OF FINE MOTOR OTHER WISE NOT UNDERSTOOD
- MODULATION OF INFO COMING IN (EX YOUR SHIRT IS ON BUT YOU DON'T FEEL IT ALL THE TIME)
-
LIMBIC SYSTEM
- PART OF BASAL GANLIA
- -BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES (EMOTION)
- -SMELL
- -CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORY (SHORT TO LONG TERM)
-
MIDBRAIN
- CN 1,2,3,4
- CORPORA QUADRIGEMIA
- SUPERIOR COLLICUI- VOL + INVOL VISUAL MOVEMENT
- INFERIOR - MOVEMENT OF HEAD TO HEAR
- TEGMENTUM
- RED NUCLEUS- FINE MOTOR OUT (WITH CEREBULLUM)
- SUBSTANTIA NIGRA- MAKE DOPAMINE
- PEDUNCLES- CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS
-
PONS
- CN 5,6,7,8
- INFO FROM CEREBELLUM TO BRAIN STEM
- BREATH (NOT ONLY CENTER)
-
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- CN9,10,11,12
- MOST DIFFICULT TO SUPRESS
- HAS VAGUS NERVE (AND ALL ITS FX)
-
RETICULAR FORMATION
- NETWORK OF CONNECTED NUCLEI THAT REGULATE VITAL REFLEXES (HEART LUNGS)
- WAKEFULLNESS
YOU SEE A BEAR. RT CAUSES YOU HR, BP, CO, RR TO INCREASE ALL BEFORE YOU KNOW ABOUT RUNNING
-
CEREBELLUM
- CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MUSCLE SYNERGY
- IPSILALATERAL CONTROL OF BODY
- ROUTINE MOVEMENT (OVER OVER AND OVER AGAIN)
-
# OF SPINAL NERVES
- 8 CERIVCAL
- 12 THORACIC
- 5 LUMBAR
- 5 SACRAL
- 1 COCCYGEAL
-
HYPER CA
- DT INCREASE PTH AND VIT D, BONE MET
- EFFECTS: DECREASE NEUROMUS EXCITABLITY, K STONES, CONSTIPATION, INCREASE BLOCKAGE OF NA INTO CELL TO CELL BECOME REFACTORY TO DEPOLE
-
HYPO CA
- DT: DECREASE ABSORPTION AND VIT D AND PTH, INCREASE CALCHONIN, BLOOD TRANFUSION
- EFFECTS: DECREASE BLOCK OF NA INTO CELL THUS INCREASE NEURONS EXCITABILTY, PROLONG QT, DECREASE BP AND CONTRACTILITY
- LOOK AT IONIZED CA
-
HYPER K
DT: INCREASE INTAKE, DECREASE EXCRETION, SHIFT FROM ICF TO ECF (DKA)
EFFECTS: CELL CANT REPOLARIZE, WEAKNESS, DECREASED M TONE, FLACID, PEAK T WAVE, LONG PR AND DECREASED ST
-
HYPO K
DT LESS INTAKE, INCREASE UPTAKE TO CELL, LOSS OF K ABX
EFFECTS: CRAMPS, SLIGHT INCREASE TO P WAVE, U WAVE, SHALLOW T
-
HYPO PHOS
ST LOW ABSORPTION, LOW VIT D, UP IN OUTPUT, HIGH PTH, RESP. ALKALOSIS,
- EFFECTS: OSTEMALACIA, LOW 2-3 DPG, CHANGE TO LEUKOLYTES
- HI CA LOW PHOS
-
CBF VS FUNCTION
- NORMAL CBF 45-50 ML/100G/MIN
- NORMAL FX 20-45
- LOW EEG 20
- SSEP FAIL 15
- 0 FX (SURVIVAL) 6-20
- CELL DEATH LESS THAN 6
-
HYPO MAG
DT MALNUT, ETOH, MALABSORP, M. ACIDOSIS, DIURETICS, RENAL DYSFUNTION
EFFECTS: HI CA, LOW K, NEUROMUSC IRRITABILITY, TENTANY, CONVULSIONS, HI REFLEXES
-
HYPER MAG
- DT NONE
- EFFECTS: LOW SKELETOL MUSCLE, LOW BP, LOW RR, LETHARGY, LOW HR AND LOW REFLEXES
-
ENODONEURIUM
DELICATE LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSURE AROUND EACH AXON
-
NEURILEMMA
THIN MEMBRANE BETWEEN THE MYELIN SHEATH AND THE ENDONURIUM
-
MYELIN
- FORMED IN 1ST 6 MONTHS OF LIFE
- FAT THAT INSULATINS IMPULSES
- FORMED AND MAINTAINED BY SCHWANN CELLS
-
HYPOTHALAMUS HELP CONTROL
- ANS
- BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS (SMELL STEAK=INCREASE SALIVA)
- VISCERAL AND SOMATIC RESPONSES
- AFFECTUAL RESPONSE
- SNS AND PNS ACTIVITY
- FEEDING RESPONSE
- PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF EMOTION
- SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
- PLEASURE/PUNISHMENT CENTER
- LEVEL OF AROUSAL OR WAKEFULNESS
-
UPPER MOTOR NEURON LOSS
- SPASTIC PARALYSIS (HAVE ARCH REFLEX)
- NO SIG MUSCLE ATROPHY
- NO FIBRILL
- HYPERREFLIXIA
- + BABKISKI MAY BE PRESENT
-
LOWER NM
- FLACCID
- ATROPHY
- FIBRILL PRESENT
- HYPOREFLEXIA
- NO BABINSKI
-
ICP
- 5-15 MMHG
- WHAT INCREASES
- BRAIN- EDEMA AND MASS LESIONS (TRUMORS)
- HEMORRAGE
- CHF- LOW ABSORPTION, UP PRODICTON, BLOCKAGE
- BLOOD
-
HYPOTHALAMUS
- ANTERIOR PITUITARY (PNS)
- ACTH
- THROTROPHIC HORMONE
- SOMATIOTROPHIC HORMONE
- FSH
- LH
- POSTERIOR PITUITARY (SNS)
- ADH
- OXYTOCIN
-
PLEXI
NERVES THAT COME TOGETHER THAT RUN ALONG AN ART
-
NERVES OF PNS
- ANTIERIOR PIT
- CN1-12 (VAGAS 10 IS MOST IMPORTANT)
- SACRAL NERVES
-
-
WALLERIAN DEGENERATION
- OCCURS DISTAL TO CUT
- SWELLING
- HYPERTROPHY OF NERUOFILAMENT
- MYELIN SHEATHS SHRINKS
- AXON DEGENERATES/DISAPPEARS
- PROXIMAL TO CUT
- SWELLING AND DESPERSAL OF NISSL
- INCREASE OF CELL META, PROTEIN SYN, AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY
- NEW TERMINAL SPROUTS
- ONLY OCCURS IN MYLINATED AXONS (SO MOSTLY IN PNS)
- 0.2 MM/DAY
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