AP week 3

• OUT TO IN
• DURA MATER- ARACHNOID-PIA MATER

• C6-OK SIGN
• T4 NIPPLES
• T10 UMBILICUS
• L1 INGUINAL LIGAMENT
• L3 KNEE
• S1 FOOT
• S4 AND 5 ANUS

• MADE BY CHAROID PLEXUSES IN VENTRICLES
• ABSORBED IN ARACHNOID VILLA
• OCCUPIES THE SUBARACHNIOD SPACE
• 125 TO 150 ML

• 800 TO 1000 ML/MIN WITH 60-100ML AT ONE TIME
• REGULATED BY CO2
• MAIN SUPPLIES
• 2 INTERNAL CAROTID 80%
• MIDDLE CEREBAL ART (UPPER BODY)
• ANTERIOR CEREBAL (LOWER BODY)
• 2 VERTEBRAL ART 20%
• COMBINED TO MAKE THE BASILAR ARTERY
• THEN FORM THE COMMUNICATION ART (CIRCLE OF WILLIES)
• (VISUAL LOSS AND DIZZNIESS)

• SORROUND THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BRAIN (BBB)
• FILL IN THE SPACE BETWEEN NEURONS

MAKE MYELIN IN CNS

• LIKE WBC
• REMOVE DEBRIS

• NE
• ACH
• SUB P
• GLUTAMATE

• GABA
• DOPAMINE
• SERATONIN
• ENDORPHINS
• ENCEPHALINS

• EX SUCCS
• BIND TO ACH RECPTORS AND KEEP THE MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZED
• ACH-ERASE (BRAKE DOWN ENZYME) DOES NOT WORK

• ARE COMPETITIVE ACH ANTAGONIST THAT COMPETE AT ACH RECEPTORS SITE BUT ONCE ON DON'T CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION
• ACH CAN REVERSE

• INTERCONNECTS WITH SPINE, THALAMUS, PREMOTOR CORTEX, RED NUCLEUS, RECTICULAR FORMATION
• ABILITY OF FINE MOTOR OTHER WISE NOT UNDERSTOOD
• MODULATION OF INFO COMING IN (EX YOUR SHIRT IS ON BUT YOU DON'T FEEL IT ALL THE TIME)

• PART OF BASAL GANLIA
• -BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES (EMOTION)
• -SMELL
• -CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORY (SHORT TO LONG TERM)

• CN 1,2,3,4
• CORPORA QUADRIGEMIA
• SUPERIOR COLLICUI- VOL + INVOL VISUAL MOVEMENT
• INFERIOR - MOVEMENT OF HEAD TO HEAR

• TEGMENTUM
• RED NUCLEUS- FINE MOTOR OUT (WITH CEREBULLUM)
• SUBSTANTIA NIGRA- MAKE DOPAMINE
• PEDUNCLES- CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS

• CN 5,6,7,8
• INFO FROM CEREBELLUM TO BRAIN STEM
• BREATH (NOT ONLY CENTER)

• CN9,10,11,12
• MOST DIFFICULT TO SUPRESS
• HAS VAGUS NERVE (AND ALL ITS FX)

• NETWORK OF CONNECTED NUCLEI THAT REGULATE VITAL REFLEXES (HEART LUNGS)
• WAKEFULLNESS

YOU SEE A BEAR. RT CAUSES YOU HR, BP, CO, RR TO INCREASE ALL BEFORE YOU KNOW ABOUT RUNNING

• CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MUSCLE SYNERGY
• IPSILALATERAL CONTROL OF BODY
• ROUTINE MOVEMENT (OVER OVER AND OVER AGAIN)

• 8 CERIVCAL
• 12 THORACIC
• 5 LUMBAR
• 5 SACRAL
• 1 COCCYGEAL

• DT INCREASE PTH AND VIT D, BONE MET
• EFFECTS: DECREASE NEUROMUS EXCITABLITY, K STONES, CONSTIPATION, INCREASE BLOCKAGE OF NA INTO CELL TO CELL BECOME REFACTORY TO DEPOLE

• DT: DECREASE ABSORPTION AND VIT D AND PTH, INCREASE CALCHONIN, BLOOD TRANFUSION
• EFFECTS: DECREASE BLOCK OF NA INTO CELL THUS INCREASE NEURONS EXCITABILTY, PROLONG QT, DECREASE BP AND CONTRACTILITY
• LOOK AT IONIZED CA

DT: INCREASE INTAKE, DECREASE EXCRETION, SHIFT FROM ICF TO ECF (DKA)

EFFECTS: CELL CANT REPOLARIZE, WEAKNESS, DECREASED M TONE, FLACID, PEAK T WAVE, LONG PR AND DECREASED ST

DT LESS INTAKE, INCREASE UPTAKE TO CELL, LOSS OF K ABX

EFFECTS: CRAMPS, SLIGHT INCREASE TO P WAVE, U WAVE, SHALLOW T

ST LOW ABSORPTION, LOW VIT D, UP IN OUTPUT, HIGH PTH, RESP. ALKALOSIS,

• EFFECTS: OSTEMALACIA, LOW 2-3 DPG, CHANGE TO LEUKOLYTES
• HI CA LOW PHOS

• NORMAL CBF 45-50 ML/100G/MIN
• NORMAL FX 20-45
• LOW EEG 20
• SSEP FAIL 15
• 0 FX (SURVIVAL) 6-20
• CELL DEATH LESS THAN 6

DT MALNUT, ETOH, MALABSORP, M. ACIDOSIS, DIURETICS, RENAL DYSFUNTION

EFFECTS: HI CA, LOW K, NEUROMUSC IRRITABILITY, TENTANY, CONVULSIONS, HI REFLEXES

• DT NONE
• EFFECTS: LOW SKELETOL MUSCLE, LOW BP, LOW RR, LETHARGY, LOW HR AND LOW REFLEXES

DELICATE LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSURE AROUND EACH AXON

THIN MEMBRANE BETWEEN THE MYELIN SHEATH AND THE ENDONURIUM

• FORMED IN 1ST 6 MONTHS OF LIFE
• FAT THAT INSULATINS IMPULSES
• FORMED AND MAINTAINED BY SCHWANN CELLS

• ANS
• BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS (SMELL STEAK=INCREASE SALIVA)
• VISCERAL AND SOMATIC RESPONSES
• AFFECTUAL RESPONSE
• SNS AND PNS ACTIVITY
• FEEDING RESPONSE
• PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF EMOTION
• SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
• PLEASURE/PUNISHMENT CENTER
• LEVEL OF AROUSAL OR WAKEFULNESS

• SPASTIC PARALYSIS (HAVE ARCH REFLEX)
• NO SIG MUSCLE ATROPHY
• NO FIBRILL
• HYPERREFLIXIA
• + BABKISKI MAY BE PRESENT

• FLACCID
• ATROPHY
• FIBRILL PRESENT
• HYPOREFLEXIA
• NO BABINSKI

• 5-15 MMHG
• WHAT INCREASES
• BRAIN- EDEMA AND MASS LESIONS (TRUMORS)
• HEMORRAGE
• CHF- LOW ABSORPTION, UP PRODICTON, BLOCKAGE
• BLOOD

• ANTERIOR PITUITARY (PNS)
• ACTH
• THROTROPHIC HORMONE
• SOMATIOTROPHIC HORMONE
• FSH
• LH

• POSTERIOR PITUITARY (SNS)
• ADH
• OXYTOCIN

NERVES THAT COME TOGETHER THAT RUN ALONG AN ART

• ANTIERIOR PIT
• CN1-12 (VAGAS 10 IS MOST IMPORTANT)
• SACRAL NERVES

• POSTERIOR PIT
• T1-L2

• OCCURS DISTAL TO CUT
• SWELLING
• HYPERTROPHY OF NERUOFILAMENT
• MYELIN SHEATHS SHRINKS
• AXON DEGENERATES/DISAPPEARS

• PROXIMAL TO CUT
• SWELLING AND DESPERSAL OF NISSL
• INCREASE OF CELL META, PROTEIN SYN, AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY
• NEW TERMINAL SPROUTS
• ONLY OCCURS IN MYLINATED AXONS (SO MOSTLY IN PNS)
• 0.2 MM/DAY