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What may heart function be impaired by? (5)
- 1. conduction system abnormalities
- 2. interference of blood supply to myocardium
- 3. structural abnormalities
- 4. arterial disorders
- 5. venous disorders
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Multiple what usually predispose to heart dysfunction?
long-term factors
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Tx of cardiovascular disorders frequently involves? (5)
- 1. dietary changes
- 2. exercise programs
- 3. cessation of cigarette smoking
- 4. drug therapy
- 5. surgery
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What is arteriosclerosis? (2)
- 1. degeneration of small arteries with the loss of elasticity
- 2. development of thick, hard walls and narrow lumens
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In arteriosclerosis, what can cause ischemia and possibly local necrosis?
The development of thick, hard walls and narrow lumens
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In atherosclerosis, large arteries such as the aorta and the coronary and carotid arteries are obstructed by? (2)
- 1. cholesterol plaques
- 2. thrombi
-
Obstructions due to cholesterol plaques and thrombi (atherosclerosis) may be partial or complete, and what are common?
emboli
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(atherosclerosis) What predispose patients to the development of atheromas (4)
- 1. genetic conditions
- 2. high cholesterol diet
- 3. evelvated serum LDL levels
- 4. elevated BP
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What are atheromas? (4)
- PLAQUES consisting of:
- 1. lipids
- 2. cells
- 3. fibrin
- 4. cell debris
- OFTEN attached with thrombi
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Angina pectoris attacks are precipitated when?
The demand for oxygen by the myocardium exceeds the supply
-
Angina pectoris chest pains are treated with?
vasodialator nitroglycerin
-
What is MI?
myocardial infarction
-
What does MI result from?
total obstruction in the coronary artery
-
Because of the obstruction in the coronary artery, (MI) what does this lead to? (2)
- 1. tissue necrosis
- 2. loss of function
-
Continuing what and changes in the ECG are diagnostic for MI? (2)
- 1. chest pain
- 2. hypotension
-
What are a common cause of death after MI is diagnosed?
Arrhythmias
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What may arrhythmias result from? (4)
- 1. MI
- systemic abnormalities:
- 2. electrolyte balance
- 3. infection
- 4. drug toxicity
-
What do arrhythmias include? (3)
- 1. abnormally slow/fat heart rates
- 2. intermitten additional heart contractions (extrasystoles)
- 3. missed contractions (heart block)
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Depending on the cause, congestive heart failure may develop first in? (2)
- either:
- 1. left
- 2. right
- SIDE OF HEART
-
Congestive heart failure on either side of the heart causes?
- 1. systemic backup or congestion
- 2. pulmonary congestion
-
(congestive heart failure) cardiac output is reduced causing? (2) stimulating? (1)
- 1. fatigue
- 2. weakness
- 3. reninangiotensin mechanism
-
(congenitial heart defects) structural abnormalities mayh involve the heart valves such as?(1) the septae, such as? (2)
- 1. mitral stenosis
- 2. ventricular septal defect
- 3. proximal great vessels
-
What is the primary outcome to congenital heart defects?
decreased oxygen to all cells in the body
-
Cyanotic defects such as? (1) refer to congenital defects where? (1)
- 1. tetralogy of fallot
- 2. blood leaving the left ventrical consists of mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood, thereby delivering only small amounts of oxygen to parts of the body
-
Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammation condition caused by?
an abnormal immune response to certain strains of hemolytic streptococcus
-
(Rheumatic fever) Inflammation causes scar tissue in the heart valves and myocardium leading to?
rheumatic heart disease
-
Infectious endocarditis causes destruction and permanent damage to? (2)
- 1. heart valves
- 2. chordae tendineae
-
(infectious endocarditis) individuals with heart defects or damage should take what before invasive procedures where bacteremia is a threat?
prophylactic antibacterial drugs
-
When paricarditis leads to a large volume of fluid in the percardial cavity, what happens?
- 1. filling of the heart is restricted
- 2. cardiac output is reduced
-
Essential or primary hypertension is what type of disease?
idiopathic
-
Essential hypertension is marked by persisitent elevation of blood pressure above?
140/90
-
What is the high and persistent blood pressure of essential hypertension related to?
increased systemic vasoconstriction
-
Is essential hypertension frequently asymptomatic?
yes
-
If essential hypertension is not monitored or controlled it may cause permanent damge to the? (3)may lead to? (1)
- 1. kidneys
- 2. brain
- 3. retinas
- 4. may lead to congestive heart failure
-
Athersclerosis in the abdominal aorta or illiac arteries may cause ischemia in the feet and legs resulting in? (5)
- 1. fatigue
- 2. intermitten claudication
- 3. sensory impairment
- 4. ulcers
- 5. possibly grangrene and amputation
-
Aortic aneurysms are frequently what until they are very large or a rupture occurs?
asymptomatic
-
Varicose veins cause? (3)
- 1. fatigue
- 2. swelling
- 3. possible ulcers in the skin
-
Pulmonary emboli are a greater risk with?
phlebothrombosis (usually a silent problem)
-
Pulmonary emboli are at less risk with thrombophelitis b/c?
inflammation i more apparent with the disease.
-
Circulatory shock may result from? (3) why?(1)
- 1. decreased blood volume
- 2. impaired cardiac function with reduced output
- 3. vasodilation
- 4. b/c it reduces blood flow and available oxygen to microcirculation
-
What are the compensation mechanisms for circulatory shock?
- 1. sympathetic nervous system
- 2. renin mechanism (increased secretion of ADH, aldosterone, and cortisol)
- 3. increased respirations
-
Decompensated shock develops (circulatory shock) with complications such as? (2)
- 1. organ failure
- 2. infections
-
Respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis often accompany?
hypoxia
-
Respiratory disorders may result from? (4)
- 1. airway obstructions
- 2. alveolar damage
- 3. reduced lung expansion
- 4. interference with pulmonary blood flow
-
What are helpful in diagnosing respiratory disorders? (4)
- 1. charateristic breathing patterns
- 2. type of cough
- 3. sputum
- 4. other manifestations
-
A cough producing purulent sputum is typical of?
a bacterial infection
-
Wheezing indicates?
airway obstruction
-
Viruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including? (5)
- 1. common cold
- 2. laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
- 3. influenza
- 4. bronchiolitis
- 5. primary atypical pneumonia
-
What is pneumonia?
impairs oxygen diffusion when exudate fills the aveoli or intersistial tissue in the lungs.
-
What is SARS?
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
-
SARS is an acute repiratory infection caused by?
a previously unknown virus
-
The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing in individuals with?
low host resistance
-
With tuberculosis, the amount of drug resistant bacteria?
has risen
-
What is the basis of the tubculin (Mantoux) test?
hypersensitivity reaction developing with primary infection and tubercle formation
-
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder, affecting the exocrine glands, particularly the?
mucous glands of the lungs
-
What organs are also involved in cystic fibrosis? (3)
- 1. sweat glands
- 2. liver
- 3. pancreas
-
The lungs are a common site for secondary?
tumors
-
Aspiration of solids or liquids may cause? (3)
- 1. inflammation
- 2. laceration
- 3. direct obstruction of airways
-
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when?
pharyngeal tissues collapse on expiration during sleep.
-
The pathophysiology of acute asthma is based on? (3)
- 1. airway obstruction related to bronchioconstriction
- 2. inflammation and edema
- 3. production of excessive, thick mucous
-
What is a potential complication of acute asthma?
status asthmaticus
-
-
COPD is characetrized by? (3)
- loss of elasticity & destruction of:
- 1. aveolar walls
- 2. septae
- 3. capillaries
-
COPD leads to? (3)
- 1. overinflation of the lungs
- 2. hypercapnia
- 3. hypoxia
-
chronic bronchitis is associated with constant irritation in the airways and infections that lead to?
fibrosis
-
What is a common complication of chronic bronchitis?
Cor pulmonale
-
Restrictive disorders include those with chest wall dysfunction, such as? (2)
- 1. kyphosis
- 2. respiratory muscle paralysis
-
Restrictive disorders also are disorders causing pulmonary fibrosis and loss of compliance such as?
occupational pneumoconioses (silicosis)
-
Pulmonary edema refers to? (2)
- increased fluid in the aveoli reducing:
- 1. oxygen diffusion
- 2. lung expansion
-
Most pulmonary emboli arise from?
thrombi in leg veins.
-
Moderate sized emboli cause?
respiratory impairment
-
Large emboli cause?
cardiovascular impairment
-
-
What is ARDS?
adult respiratory distress syndrome
-
Atelectasis may affect all/part of the lung and causes of it include? (4)
- 1. airway obstruction
- 2. decreased ventilation
- 3. compression of the lung
- 4. increased surface tension in the aveoli
-
A large open pneumothorax impairs what (2) due to what? (1)
- 1. ventilation
- 2. circulation
- 3. mediastinal flutter
-
Flail chast injury causes?
- 1. paradoxic motion
- decreases oxygen concentration in:
- 2. alveolar air
- 3. the venous return
-
What causes a baby to have IRDS?
prematurity
-
SARS occurs in people with what?
- 1. ischemia of lungs
- 2. inhalation of toxic materials
-
Respiratory distress syndrome makes what reduced because of fluid in the lungs? (2)
- 1. lung expansion
- 2. oxygen diffusion impaired
-
What is acute respiratory failure? (3)
- 1. deficit of oxygen
- 2. increase of carbon monoxide
- 3. or combo of both
-
Acute respiratory failure may occur with? (3)
- 1. acute chronic conditions (tension pneumothroax)
- 2. chronic disorders (emphysema)
- 3. chronic diseases complicated by a secondary acute problem (cystic fibrosis plus pneumonia)
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