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What is a school psychologist?
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School psychs help children and youth succeed academically, socially, and emotionally. They collaborate with educators, parents, and other professionals to create safe, healthy, and supportive learning environments for all students that strengthen connections between home and school.
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Most common services:
52-53% in psychoeducational assessment, 21-26% in interventions, 19-22% in consultation, and 1-2% in research and evaluation.
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places of employment
- single school district
- cooperative agreement district
- multiple school districts under more than one contract
- mental health facility
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who issues license
State Department of Education
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what is the NASP recommended ratio for school psychs to students
1:1,000
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branch of APA specifically for school psychology; founded in 1945 and is the oldest national organization for school psych.
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APA is licensed through the ______ ______ _____.
NASP is licensed through the _____ _____ ______.
- state psych board
- state board of education
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what is assessment needed for?
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It is required to define pupil needs, guide children’s education, and to provide data which may be used to evaluate educational outcomes. it is the cornerstone of educational and psychological services
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hybrid years
(1890-1969) practitioners primary emphasis was placed on assessment as a means of special class placement.
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1869- Lightner Witmer founded the United states first school based psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
- - is considered to be the father of clinical and school psych (he is credited with coining the term clinical psychology)
- -Witmer stressed in individualized approach to solving children’s problems
- -Witmer had an ideographic clinical method-individualized
- coined term clinical psychology
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He founded APA in 1892.
- He was the father of the child study movement and created the first facility operated within public schools.
- -Hall had a nomothetic approach
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ideographic clinical psychology
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attempts to understand a particular event or individual
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nomethetic educational psychology
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characterizing procedures and methods designed to discover general laws
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Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
- developed in 1905 in France. Commissioned by French government to determine which children would not benefit from education system (mentally retarded) was a 30 ? test
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what happened for school psychology 1911?
school psychologist first appeared in english literature
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arnold gessel
was the first school psychologist in Conneticut. Worked with individual children trying to help with education. Used Hall’s nomethetic approach – comparing all children.
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1916 brought Binet-intelligence test to the U.S. at Stanford University, he revised the test and it became the Stanford-Binet test
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1919
division 16 was created
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1920’s NY
created 1st psych exam to credential people who wanted to practice school psych in schools, tested core knowledge of school psych, required masters degree in related field
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1928-
NY University formed 1st official school psych masters program
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Gertrude Hildreth-
received doctoral degree from University of Columbia, wrote the first book for school psych
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mid-1930’s-states started providing
certification by dept of education-NY and Penn were 1st 2 states for school psych services
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1st doctoral program
1938 at Pen state
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1949- Boulder Conference-
conference for clinical psych between 73 people, created a model for training clinical psychs-called the scientist practitioner model
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-1954-Thayer Conference-
18 training programs, 13 masters, 5 doctoral, focused on school psych dev roles and functions for school psych practicing as well as studying, dev. Training program for school psychs
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1968-Ohio called a meeting to consider starting a ...
national group-NASP was officially formed because people with a masters could not be in APA Marked the end of the hybrid years.
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what was the state of origin for NASP and APA?
Ohio
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thoroughbred years
1970-present
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1st APA accredited doctoral program was where?
the university of texas at Austin in 1971
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(EAHCA)- Education for all handicapped children act-
1975, protected the rights of handicapped children to meet educational need and provide least restrictive environment, 1997 renamed to individuals with disabilities act and became mandatory for children with disabilities to be educated, no school or teacher could deny a teacher education, also referred to as EHA or FAPE, school must provide expense free education services, LRE-least restrictive environment. 2004 became IDEA individuals with disabilities act-person first language
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In 1988 the 1st national school psych exam?
PRAXIS II exam in school psych, state of dept. of education requires to become licensed and certified
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NASP newsletters and journals:
school psych review, school psych forum, communiqué
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APA newsletters and journals:
school psych quarterly (div. 16), American psych (to all members), APA monitor
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Primary prevention-Tier I
all kids, such as an anti-drug prevention assembly
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Secondary prevention- Tier II
selected individuals in smaller group. Few # of kids get this when they show sign of the behavior
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Tiertary prevention- Tier III
selected kids, individuals make up small group, they already have the problem. It is individualized treatment. Goal is to prevent lifelong habbit of problematic behavior
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Reason for compulsory education laws-
human capital-need for educated workforce
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name the different branches involved in education regulation
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The state government is constructionally responsible for education
- -it is regulated and managed at the state level
- -and there are federal guidelines in which to receive federal assistance
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5 steps of Assessment-
- 1. Pre-referral intervention
- 2. Referral/informed consent-reason for referrals
- 3. Data gathering
- 4. Interpreting results
- 5. Evaluation staffing or conference
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57% of referrals are because of _______ ______,
43% _____ ______ ______ ___________,
39% _____,
27% _______ ________
- reading problems
- written expression/language difficulties
- task completion
- math difficulty
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Vygotsky-zone of proximal development-
based on which zone individual is in is dependent upon the expectations placed on them
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Brass instrument era
based on response to stimuli sensotry processing and reaction time; cognitive function measured by reaction time
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james cattell
- advocated for more scientific level in psychology
- coined term mental tests
- 1st school psych professor in the world
- helped start APA
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NCSP
- granted by nasp
- promoted standards
- benefits-shows national standards have been met and that you are highly trained
- has salary and mobility benefits
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