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Examples of General Senses:
- touch
- temperature
- pain
- chemical
- pressure detection
- body position
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Examples of Special Senses:
- gustation
- olfaction
- vision
- audition
- equilibrium
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each sensory neuron moniters a specific region called _____; the location of this stimulus is relayed to a certain area of the sensory cortex, this neural connection is call a ______
- receptive field
- labeled line
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Pattern of action potentials to relay nerve impulses and provide CNS with such info as intensity, duration, variation, and movement of the stimulus is known as ____
sensory coding
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Give an example of the cerebral cortex's inability to distinguish between true and false sensations
Eye rubbing and seeing light.
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When the body projects a sensation to another part of the body this is known as ______
reffered pain
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describe and give an example of: Tonic receptors
always active; pain receptors
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describe and give an example: Phasic receptors
usually innactive unless stimulated; tactile receptors and other receptors for touch
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Definition/types of gen. receptor and what it does: Proprioceptors
- Receptors for body position
- two types:
- -M. spindle receptors- tell brain about m. position
- -Golgi tendon organs- tell brain about tendon position
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Definition/types of gen. receptor and what it does: Thermoreceptors
sensors for changes in temp
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Definition/types of gen. receptor and what it does: Baroreceptors
Pressure receptors regarding liquid and gas
- lamellated corpuscles aka pacinian corpuscles
- ruffini copruscles
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Definition/types of gen. receptor and what it does: Chemoreceptors
sensors for chemical changes within the body
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Definition/types of gen. receptor and what it does: Mechanoreceptors
Touch receptors
- Tactile corpuscles aka meissner's corpuscles
- Tactile or Merkel's disks
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Definition/types of gen. receptor and what it does: Nociceptors
Pain receptors
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Describe the two point discrimination test
way to measure the density of the receptor poulation in a certain region by gradually increasing the distance between points of a compass
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Elaborate on receptor adaptation
the reduction in sensitivity to repeated stimulus.
- peripheral- decline in response to stimuli at receptors
- central- occurs in CNS
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Elaborate on olfactory receptors and olfactory glands:
Olfactory receptors are located on epithelium of the nasal cavity. The olfactory glands are located deep to the receptors. More mucus in the nasal cavity means more difficulty of scent reaching the glands.
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Three types of taste buds: location and what stimulates them
- -circumvallate papillae- located at the rear of the tongue, sensitive to bitter
- -fungiform papillae- located in the middle of the tongue, sensitive to salty, sweet and sour
- filaform papillae- tip of the tongue, sensitive to texture. no taste buds
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Describe a sty:
when a ciliary gland is blocked and becomes inflamed
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explain conjuctivitus:
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria, dust, smoke, or air pollutants
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flow of tears:
lacrimal ducts-medially across eyeball surface-lacrimal puncta-lacrimal canals-lacrimal sac-nasolacrimal duct drains into the nasal cavity.
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3 internal divisions of the eye:
- fibrous tunic
- vascular tunic
- neural tunic
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muscles that open and close the eyelids:
- levator palpebrae superiorus raises the eyelid
- orbicularis oculi muscle closes it
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Explain Glaucoma:
intraocular pressure of the eye is elevated and damages the optic nerve due to blockage of the cleral venous sinus resulting in blindness
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Constrictor and dilator muscles of the iris:
- Constrictor m.- when contracted means light intensity increased, shrink pupil
- dilator m.- when contracted less light, enlarge pupil
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- 1. lacrimal gland ducts
- 2. superior rectus m.
- 3. tendon of superior oblique m.
- 4. lacrmial punctum
- 5. lacrimal carnucle
- 6. superior lacrimal canaliculus
- 7. meial canthus
- 8. inferior lacrimal canaliculus
- 9. lacrimal sac
- 10. nasolacrimal duct
- 11. inferior oblique m.
- 12. inferior rectus m.
- 13. lower eyelid
- 14. lateral canthus
- 15. lacrimal gland
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- 1. levator palpebrae superiois
- 2. superior oblique m.
- 3. superior rectus m.
- 4. lateral rectus
- 5. inferior rectus m.
- 6. inferior oblique m.
- 7. trochlea
- 8. medial rectus
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- know:
- choroid
- rods and cones
- bipolar celss
- ganglion cells
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Rods vs cones:
- rods- sensitive to low light and motion
- cones- sensitive to bright light and color
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Describe the fovea:
the area of sharpest vision, containing large density of cones
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Explain the blind spot:
-optic disk; area of the retina lacking photoreceptors
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Explain visual acuity:
aka sharpness of vision. tested with the snellen eye chart
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normal vision:
emmetropic; visual acuity of 20/20
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nearsighted vision:
myopic; can see close but not far. eye focuses image in front of the retina
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farsighted vision:
hyperopic; can see distant but not close up. focuses an image behind the retina
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Explain astigmatism:
reduction of sharpness of vision due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens
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Explain presbyopia:
causes a form of farsightedness; when the lens loses its elasticity
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How vibrations move inward:
- Sound wave
- tympanic membrane
- moves ossicles
- vibrates perilymph at round window
- pressure waves distort basilar membrane
- cause hair cells to vibrate against tectorial membrane
- info of region and intensity sent to CNS
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what is otitis media?
immflamation of the middle ear
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Function of the auditory tube:
equalizes pressure between the external air and the cavity of the middle ear
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Function of the semicircular canals:
sense movement (acceleration and decceleration)
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sensory receptor for hearing:
cochlea
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- know:
- this is a slide of the cochlea
- -organ of corti
- -vestibular duct
- -tympanic duct
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two functions of the inner ear:
balance and hearing
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Vertigo:
aka motion sickness; when CNS recieves conflicting info
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receptor for dynamic equilibrium and what it responds to:
crista in each semicircular duct; responds to head tilting
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receptor for static equilibrium and what it responds to:
maculae; sense changes in body position relative to gravity
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Frequency:
aka pitch; number of compressed regions that pass a given point in one second
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hertz:
unit to measure the frequency of the waves
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amplitude:
aka intensity of a frequency
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decibels:
the height of a sound wave
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conduction deafness:
damage to tympanic membrane or ossicles
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nerve deafness:
damage to the cochlea or cochlear nerve from exposure to loud noise.
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Role of endorcrine glands:
in response to stimuli, they produce hormones
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hormone:
regulatory molecules that slowly change metabolic activities
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target cell:
any cell that contain membrane repetors for specific hormones
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negative feedback:
a stiumus causes a response that either reduces or removes the stimulus. ex- ac unit in a house. or insulin
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What does it produce; hypothalamus-
ADH and oxytocin
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What does it produce; pituitary gland-
- -Anterior lobe- ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH
- -Posterior lobe- oxytocin and ADH
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What does it produce; pineal gland-
melatonin
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What does it produce; parathyroid gland-
PTH
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What does it produce; pancreatic islets-
insulin, glucagon
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Hyperthyroidism:
thyroid gland produces too much T4 and T3; increase metabolic rate
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Parathyroid glands mostly comprised of:
chief cells
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Three layers of Adrenal cortex:
- Zona glomerulosa- outermost
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis- deepest
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function of glucagon:
raises blood sugar concentration
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function of insulin:
lowers blood sugar
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what cells compose most of the pancreas?
acinar cells
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name the four types of endocrine cells housed by the islets of langerhans
- alpha cells
- beta cells
- delta cells
- F cells
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Type I vs Type II diabetes:
- Type I- beta cells don't produce enough insulin
- Type II- cells are not receptive to the insulin
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what do follicular cells of the thyroid produce?
T3 and T4
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what do C cells of the thyroid produce?
calcitonin
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why is the pancreas known as a "double gland"?
it performs both exocrine and endocrine functions. secretes digestive enzymes and produce hormones that regulate blood sugar metabolism.
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Bottom left up and over
- optic nerve
- optic disk
- ora serrata
- ciliary body
- biliary processes
- lacrimal caruncle
- lacrimal punctum
- anterior cavity: posterior, anterior
- cornea
- iris
- suspensory lig of lens
- limbus
- lateral canthus
- sclera
- choroid
- retina
- posterior cavity
- fovea
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- adrenal gland
- adrenal capsule
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
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- 2. adrenal capsule
- 3. adrenal cortex
- 4. adrenal medulla
- 5. zona glomerulosa
- 6. zona fasciculata
- 7. zona reticularis
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