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COMPACT STATES = states with loosely circular shape; easy to govern and defend ex: poland, Belgium
states with loosely circular shape; easy to govern and defend ex: poland, Belgium
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FRAGMENTED:
broken apart; separated by water. Difficult to govern. ex: Indonesia, Japan
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ELONGATED:
stretched a long distance form one end to another. EX: Chile
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PRORUPT:
States with extended arm. Ex: Thailand
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Perforated:
States that have another state inside them. EX: South africa, Italy
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Landlocked:
Completely surrounded by other countries with no access to sea. Ex: Mongolia
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Exclave:
An area that belongs to a state, but is not physically connected to said state.Ex: Alaska, Kaliningrad.
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Enclave:
A separate part of a state that is completely surrounded by another. Ex: Armenia and Azerbaijan
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Natural Boundary:
State is separated by
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Artificial Boundary:
EX: Canada and the USA are separated by the 49th parallel.
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County:
How different states in the USA are split up, so each piece has equal representation. Divided by population.
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Congressional Districts:
Separated by population
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Jerrymandering:
Making congressional districts into different areas to get a lead on voting
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Centripetal force:
Pulls a country together
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Centrifugal force:
Pushes a country apart
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Representative Democracy:
Representatives; multiple political parties
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Direct Democracy:
1 person, one vote; multiple political parties
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Absolute Monarchy:
King/Queen rule all
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Constitutional Monarchy:
Figureheads; Parliament makes laws
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Dictatorship:
One person rules everything. Ex: Kim Jong Il
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Communism:
Political power held by government. Government type and economic system.
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Socialism:
Elected officials and government ownership of business. Everyone supports each other with higher taxes.
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Oligarchy:
Ruled by few. Wealthy make decisions.
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Fascism:
strong leadership, singular collective identity, and the will and ability to commit violence and wage war in order to keep the nation strong.
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Republic:
Elect a few representative to make all decisions. Based on the people.
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Nation:
Group of common ancestry. Ex: Native Americans.
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State:
A country with recognized borders.
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Nation-state:
The only nation within a state. Ratio of nation to state is 1:x
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Stateless Nation:
Nation without a state. Ex: Kurds, Palestinians, Basques
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Multinational State:
A state with many different nations conglomerated within said state.
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Market Economy:
Goods and Production determined by consumer demand.
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Socialist economy:
Government can take over the companies on demand
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Traditional Economy:
Barter; goods are consumed by the goods makers. Generally agricultural/rural
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Renewable resources:
Can be replaced through natural processes
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non-renewable:
cant be replaced upon removal from ground
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inexhaustible energy sources:
result of solar or planetary processes; unlimited
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Primary activities:
Gathering raw materials, such as timber, from the ground.
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Primary activity example:
Farming
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Secondary activities:
iadding value to materials by changing their form.
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Secondary activity examples:
Manufacturing
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Tertiary Activities:
providing business or professional services.
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Tertiary activity example:
salespeople, teachers, doctors.
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Quarternary Activities:
Providing information, management, and research.
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Quarternary Activity Example:
Manager, researcher
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Gross national product:
value of everything made by the country over a period of time
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Gross domestic product:
value of everything made within the country over time
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infrastructure:
basic support systems needed to keep an economy going.
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Examples of infrastructure:
power, communications, water, sanitation, and education systems.
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Per capita income:
the average amount of income achieved per person.
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URBAN MODELS:
multiple nuclei, concentric zone, sector.
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Multiple Nuclei
a city may have started with a central business district, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other. These groupings influence their immediate neighborhood.
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Concentric zone:
five rings, CBD in the center
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Sector Model:
While accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that zones expand outward from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries.
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Urban heirarchy:
City -> town -> Village -> Hamlet
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Rank size rule:
City = 1; Town = 1/2; Village = 1/3; Hamlet = 1/4.
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