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Leads to production of male and female gametes
meiosis
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The division of the cytoplam into two distint cells
cytokekinesis "cell movement"
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Leads to the production of somatic "body belonging" cells
mitosis
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A single long DNA that is wrapped in proteins in a highly organized manner.
chromosomes
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number and types of chromosomes present in an organism
karyotype
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DNA copies in a replicated chromosome
chromatid
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same type of chromosomes
homologs
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a section of DNA that influences one or more herditary traits in an individual
gene
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the binding of two chromatids at a specialized region of the chromosome
centromere
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chromatids from the same chromosome
sister chromatids
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Nondividing phase in mitosis, cell is either growing and preparing to divide or fulfilling its specialized function in a multicellular individual
Interpase
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replication of genetic material is separated from the partitioning of chromosome copies during M phase, part of interphase
Synethesis (S) phase
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describes the orderly sequence of events that starts with the formation of a eurkaryotic cell
cell cycle
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number of distinct types of chromosomes
haploid number
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the number of each type of chromosomes present
ploidy
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organisms whose cells contain just one of each type of chromosomes
haploid
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Cells contain two versions of each type of chromosome
Diploid
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Diploid cells have one _________ and one _______
paternal chromosome and maternal chromosome
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organisms with three or more versions of each type of chromosome
polyploid
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Phase that chromosomes condense into compact structures
Prophase
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In this phase, animal centrosomes complete their migration to the opposite poles of the cell
Metaphase
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In this phase, the centromeres of the chromatids split
anaphase
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In this phase, the nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes
telophase
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cytokinesis begins with this in animal cells
clevage furrow
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During ______, the diploid (2n) parent cell produces two haploid (n) daughter cells
meiosis 1
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During _______, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and go to different daughter cells
meosis 2
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Daughter cells become gametes through
gametogensis
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Phases of Meiosis 1:
- Early prophase
- Late prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase 1
- Telophase 1
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Homolog pairs come together in a pairing
synapsis
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structure that results from synasis, consisting of two homologs
tetrad
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In this phase, Crossing over between homologous non-sister chromatids
Late Prophase 1
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In this phase, paired homologs seperate and begin to migrate to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase 1 in Meiosis 1
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In this phase, the homologs finish migrating to the poles of the cell
Telphase 1 in Meosis 1
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The end result of meiosis 1:
one chromosome of each homologous pair distributed to a different daughter cell
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Phases of Meosis 2:
- Prophase 2
- Metaphase 2
- Ananphase 2
- Telophase 2
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In this phase, the spindle apparatus forms & one spindle fiber attaches to the cetromere of each sister chromatid
Phrophase 2 of Meiosis 2
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In this phase, replicated chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
Matephase 2 of Meiosis 2
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In this phase, Sister chromatids seperate. The resulting daughter chromosomes begin moving to opposite sides of the cell
Anaphase 2 of Meiosis 2
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In this phase, Chromosomes arrive at opposite sides of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around each haploid set of chromosomes, and each cell undergoes cytokinesis
Telaphase 2 of Meiosis 2
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Meiosis 2 results in _____ haploid cells, each with one type of chromosome
4
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Chromosomal segments are swapped between adjacent homologs
crossing over
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Two pairs of non-sister chromatids are brought close together and are held there by a network of proteins
synaptonemal complex
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At each point where crossing over occurs, the non-sister chromatids from each homolog get physically broken at the same point and ________________
attach to each other
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Results in four gametes with a chromosome composition different from that of the parent cells, maternal and paternal chromosomes cross over during meiosis 1
Independent shuffling
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If bothe homolog or both sister chromatids move to the same pole of the parent cell, the products of meosis will be abnormal, this error is
nondisjunction
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In nondisjunction, two gametes will have an extra copy of a chromosome
trisomy
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In nondisjunction, two gamates will lack that chromosome
momsomy
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An example of trisomy, extra copy of chromosome 21
Down Syndrome
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Typically do not survive to produce viable offspring
aneuploid
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XXY, developes in males
Klinefelter syndrome
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Occurs in females, their karyotype is XO (they lack the second X)
Turner Syndrome
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