APEuroHistory

Definition

French civil wars. Calvinism vs. Catholicism

French Calvinists

Looked to religious compromise as a way to defuse the political tensions but found to her consternation that both sides possessed their share of religious fanatics unwilling to make concessions

• Guise: headed the extreme catholic party (ultra catholics) favored strict opposition to the Huguenots
• Bourbon: Calvinist family

1562, powerful duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of the Huguenots at Vassy.

Issued the edict of Nantes. Politique, originally a Huguenot..converted to Catholicism

Issues by Henry IV, Huguenots have rights

Attempts to make spain a great power led to large debts and crushing taxes, his military actions in defense of Catholicism ended in failure and misfortune in both France and the Netherlands

Wished to unify all 17 provinces of the Netherlands.�stipulated that all provinces would stand together under Williams leadership, respect religious differences, and demand that Spanish troops be withdrawn.

Dutch Pirates

Avoided open military action against any major power. Intelligent/Learned

Henry III, Elizabeth I. Religious for political power, control of lands�noble support

Restored the church service of the Book of Common Prayer from the reign of Edward VI with some revisions to make it more acceptable to catholics

Ousted from Scotland by rebellious Calvinist nobles. Beheaded.

Had neither the shiops not the troops that Philip had planned to send. Sank. Sunk. Died. Sinked.

�last of the religious wars�

Definition

The motivation for European explorations

Seeked a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims, acquired trade opportunities of Portugal, Extending Christianity

Book containing his map of earth. Three Continents, Two oceans

Bigger Hull, Different Sails, bigger in general

locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars

First to Round the Cape of Good Hop-turned back b/c feared mutiny from crew

Rounded cape of good hope and discovered new route to india

monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511

Discovered Americas-thought it was India

• Portuguese Explorer. obtained Spanish nationality
• in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search
• of a westward route to the "Spice
• Islands"

divided the newly discovered lands outside�Europe�between�Spain�and�Portugal

conqueror" in the Spanish

ed an expedition that caused the�fall of the Aztec Empire

conqueror of the�Incan Empire�and founder of�Lima

Permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers, in return holders were supposed to protect Indians wages, and supervise their spiritual needs

�chartered company�established in 1602, first multinational cooperation

High Death Rate. 10% died on ships. Came mostly form Africa

formed initially for pursuing trade with the�East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the�Indian subcontinent�and China

A company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investments while a board of directors runs the company

form of�economic nationalism,[1]�that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of�capital, and that the�global volume�of�international trade�is "unchangeable"

form of�economic nationalism,[1]�that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of�capital, and that the�global volume�of�international trade�is "unchangeable"

Definition

one that exercises supreme authority within a limited sphere

The belief that monarchs receive their power directly from god and are responsible for no one except god.

�political absolutism�and the�divine right of kings. First government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society

establishment of the�Acad�mie fran�aise�and participation in the�Thirty Years' War�against the�House of Habsburg.[1]�France's�greatest victory in�the war�came at the�Battle of Rocroi, five days after Louis' death

King Louis XIII's�chief minister. Broke Power of nobility. Kings law = Only Law

Royal officials in 17th c. France who were sent into the provinces to execute the orders of the central government

direct land�tax�on the�French�peasantry�and non-nobles in�Ancien R�gime�France. The tax was imposed on each household and based on how much land it held.

Increase of power and desire for glory led him to wage war

Louis XIV

�I am the state� Louis XIV

succeeded his mentor,�Cardinal Richelieu

�Revolt. Nobles temporarily allied with the members of the Parlement of Paris who opposed the new taxes levied by the government to pay the costs of the 30 yrs war

-Louis XIV

issued by�Louis XIV�of�France, revoked the�Edict of Nantes�and ordered the destruction of�Huguenot�churches, as well as the closing of�Protestant�schools

�French minister of finance. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French�manufacturing�and bringing the�economy�back from the brink of�bankruptcy.

city renowned for its�ch�teau,

Over the succession to the Spanish throne. End of war came with the Peaces of Utrect, confirmed Philip V as the Spanish ruler, initiating the Spanish Bourbon Dynasty

Ended the Spanish war os succession

Philip II went bankrupt in 1596 from extensive expenditures on war and Philip III did the same by spending a fortune on his court

German kingdom

Inherited lands in the Rhine Valley in western Germany. nine years later, they received the duchy of Prussia. By the 17th c. the dominions of the house of Hohenzollern, now called Brandenburg-Prussia, consisted of three disconnected masses in western, central, and eastern Germany

Established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth and training

Levied taxes for the army�evolved into an agency for civil government aswell

Prussian Landed aristocracy, served as officers in the army

Holy Roman Emperors. Had hopes of creating an empire in Germany that failed

In the 16th and 17th c. the ottoman empire possessed an effective bureaucracy and military. During this period, it conquered much of the Balkans and made inroads into eastern Europe. however, by 1699 it had lost the farthest reaches of its European territory and would never again pose a serious threat to Europe

Expanded the territories of Russia eastward after finding westward expansion blocked by the powerful Swedish and polish states.

wished to westernize Russia, especially in the realm of Technical skills. His foremost goal was the creation of a strong army and navy in order to make Russia a great power. Credited with the formation of the first Russian army.

Instituted by Peter the Great. instituted the Table of Ranks to create opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility.

Process where societies come to adopt western culture

United Provinces of the Netherlands became the core of the modern dutch state.

English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Over Who would be the monarchy?

Monarchs of England, confirmed by glorious revolution

Affirmed Parliament�s right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament

Definition

Art style. Attempted to break down the High Renaissance Principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. Italian Mannerist painters deliberately distorted the rules of proportion by portraying elongated figures that conveyed a sense of suffering and a strong emotional atmosphere filled with anxiety and confusion

�the greek�. From crete, attempted to create a world of intense emotion

Resisted in France, England, and Holland. Replaced Mannerism. Baroque artists sought to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissances art with religious revival. Dramatic effects. Richly Detailed.

Completed Saint Peter�s Basilica at the Vatican. Italian architect. Action, Exuberance, Dramatic effects. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

First woman to be elected to the Florentine Academy of Design

Committed to the classical values of the High Renaissance. Emphasis on clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony Its triumph reflected the shift in the 17th c. French society from chaos to order.

Scenes from classical mythology, orderliness of landscapes, postures of his figures. Exemplified French Classicism

Dutch Painters were interested in the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life.

Colorful painting. He was prolific and successful, but he turned away from materialistic success to follow his own artistic path. in the process, he lost public support and died bankrupt

Best known for writing plays, also an actor and shareholder.

Plays characterized as witty, charming, actionpacked, and realistic. Wrote his plays to please audience.

Phedre. Perfected the French neoclassical tragic style, focused on conflicts