science midterm 8th

the attractive force that holds atoms together

a chemical bound in which electons are exchanged between atoms

An orderly, 3 dimensional structure produced by ions in an ionic compound

a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms

a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds

a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally

A naturally occuring, inorganic solid wiht a specific chemical composiotn and a definite crystalline structure.

• naturally occuring (not man-made)
• Inorganic (was never alive)
• Solid (fixed shape and volume)
• Specific composition (unique chemical formula)
• Definite crystalline structure(atioms are arranged in repeating patterns)

From elements in cooed magma and in solution

• O oxygen
• Si silicon
• Al aluminum
• Fe Iron
• Ca Calcium
• Na Sodium
• K Potassium
• Mg Magnesium

Kilo, hecto, deca, Meter/liter/gram, Deci, Centi, Milli

• density= Mass/Volume
• Mass= Density x volume
• Volume=Mass/density

the process whereby a solid becomes a gas without experiencing a liquid phase (Dry ice)

gas

a solid

0 Celsius

100 Celsius

protons, Neutrons, electrons

located in the nucleus of an atom they have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu

located in the nucleus of atom no charge and a mass of 1 amu

located in energy levels that orbit the nucleus. they have a negative charge and no mass

they are equal

the number of protons the element contains

the number of protons plus neutrons the element contains

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element

a substance made up of atoms of more than one element bonded together

the smallest unit of substance that still has all the properties of that substance

the symbols and numbers indicating the numbers of atoms contained in the basic unit of a substance

• Silicates
• Carbonates
• Oxides
• Native elements

minerals containig Silicon and oxygen

Minerals containing Carbon and Oxygen

Minerals containing oxygen and a metal

Au, Ag, Al, Cu,Pb, Ni, Zn

color, luster, texture,streak, hardness

least reliable

Metallic or non-metallic

Earthy, lassy, greasy, rough

the color of a mineral when it is powdered

1-10 on Moh's scale

the ratio of the mass of a substance to an equal volume of water (equivalent to density)

• Intrusive
• Extrusive

(magma) Molten rock that cools beneath Earth's surface

(lava) molten rock that cools above earth's surface

• slow cooling: produces larger crystals
• fast cooling: produces smaller crystals

magma that is high in silica and light in color (granite)

Magma that is high in Fe-Mg and dark in color (Basalt)

rock formed from cemented layers of sediment

• Deposition
• Lithification
• Cementation

when sediments are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottoms of bodies of water

when sediments are compacted from the weight of overlying material over time

When mineral growth cements sediment grains together into solid rock

• Clastic
• chemical
• organic

formed from fragments of loose sediments

formed from mineral grains that fall out of solution as evaporites

formed from the remains of living organisms

• rocks that form from other rocks throught the actions of heat and pressure
• (sediment to shale to slate)
• (shell fragments to limestone to marble)

• regional
• contact
• hydrothermal

• -Magma crystallizes to form igneous rocks
• -Igneous rocks may become metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure, broken down into sediments or melted back into magma
• -Sediments undergo lithification and cementation to form sedimentary rocks
• -Sedimentary rocks exposed to heat and pressure to for metamorphic rocks or broken back down into sediments
• -Metamorphic rocks may be buried and melted back into magma or broken down into sediments

• the outermost layer of the earth. compsed of solid rock
• Oceanic crust 4-7 km thick
• continetal crust 20-40 km thick

• the layer of rock between the crust and core of the earth 2900km thick
• 80% of earths volume
• partially melted giving it a plastic like consistency

• center of the earth compsed of Iron and Nickel
• Outer is molten metal 2250km thick
• Inner is solid metal 1200 km thick

The outer portion of the earth consisting of the crust and the upper mantle upon which the crust moves

the zone of the manle beneathe the lithosphere that consists of slowly flowing, partially melted rock

lithosphere is composed of 7 large plates andseveral smaller ones that move relative to one another

• North American plate
• South American plate
• Eurasian plate
• African plate
• Australian-Indian plate
• Antarctic plate
• Pacific plate

geologist who proposed the theory of plate tectonics in 1912

Wegner's name for the supercontinent that contained all of the land areas on Earth as a single continent befor it broke up

• continents fit together like a puzzle
• fossils found match ones on the west coast of Africa and east coast of South America
• mineral depsits
• mountain ranges same age
• glacial deposits in warm climates
• coal deposits

• divergent plate boundary- moving apart creates gap
• convergent two plates come together
• 1.collision boundry: creates a mountain range
• 2. subduction boundry: continetal and oceanice plate collide or 2 oceanic plates collide creating a deep ocean trench

transform fault: 2 lithospheric plates slide horizontally pat to create fault zone

• p
• s
• l

longitudinal waves travel the fastest parallel travels through any medium

transverse wave , travel slower that p, perpendicular only travels through solids

surface waves created by P and S waves, distorts the ground surface

measures the size or magnitude(P and S waves)

measures the intensity or damage(L wave)

normal, reverse,strick slip

produced by a tension from divergent plates

compression force by conversion plates

sgure force transform plate

Using 3 seismograph tracings to locate the epicenter of earth quake