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chemical bounding
the attractive force that holds atoms together
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ionic bound
a chemical bound in which electons are exchanged between atoms
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Crystal lattice
An orderly, 3 dimensional structure produced by ions in an ionic compound
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Covalent bond
a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms
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Molecule
a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds
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Polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally
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Non-polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally
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Mineral
A naturally occuring, inorganic solid wiht a specific chemical composiotn and a definite crystalline structure.
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5 characteristics of Mineral
- naturally occuring (not man-made)
- Inorganic (was never alive)
- Solid (fixed shape and volume)
- Specific composition (unique chemical formula)
- Definite crystalline structure(atioms are arranged in repeating patterns)
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How are minerals formed
From elements in cooed magma and in solution
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What are the 8 elements most minerals are made from
- O oxygen
- Si silicon
- Al aluminum
- Fe Iron
- Ca Calcium
- Na Sodium
- K Potassium
- Mg Magnesium
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What is the metric conversion in order
Kilo, hecto, deca, Meter/liter/gram, Deci, Centi, Milli
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How do you calculate Density
- density= Mass/Volume
- Mass= Density x volume
- Volume=Mass/density
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Sublimation
the process whereby a solid becomes a gas without experiencing a liquid phase (Dry ice)
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when energy is added to a substance it changes from a solid to a
gas
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when energy is removed from a substance it changes from a gas to
a solid
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melting/freezing point of water is
0 Celsius
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the vaporization/condensation point of water is
100 Celsius
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What are the three sub-atomic particles of atoms
protons, Neutrons, electrons
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protons
located in the nucleus of an atom they have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu
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Neutrons
located in the nucleus of atom no charge and a mass of 1 amu
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Electrons
located in energy levels that orbit the nucleus. they have a negative charge and no mass
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Atoms in their most stable state have an how many Protons, neutrons and electrons
they are equal
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what is the atomic number mean
the number of protons the element contains
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atomic mass is
the number of protons plus neutrons the element contains
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element
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
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Atom
the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element
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Compound
a substance made up of atoms of more than one element bonded together
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Molecule
the smallest unit of substance that still has all the properties of that substance
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chemical formula
the symbols and numbers indicating the numbers of atoms contained in the basic unit of a substance
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What is in the Mineral groups
- Silicates
- Carbonates
- Oxides
- Native elements
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Silicates
minerals containig Silicon and oxygen
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Carbonates
Minerals containing Carbon and Oxygen
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Oxides
Minerals containing oxygen and a metal
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Native elements
Au, Ag, Al, Cu,Pb, Ni, Zn
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what do you use to identify minerals
color, luster, texture,streak, hardness
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how reliable is color
least reliable
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Luster
Metallic or non-metallic
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Texture
Earthy, lassy, greasy, rough
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Steak
the color of a mineral when it is powdered
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Hardness
1-10 on Moh's scale
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Specific gravity
the ratio of the mass of a substance to an equal volume of water (equivalent to density)
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What are the two types of Igneous Rock
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Intrusive
(magma) Molten rock that cools beneath Earth's surface
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Extrusive
(lava) molten rock that cools above earth's surface
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what type of mineral crystals will form while cooling slower or faster
- slow cooling: produces larger crystals
- fast cooling: produces smaller crystals
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Felsic
magma that is high in silica and light in color (granite)
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Mafic
Magma that is high in Fe-Mg and dark in color (Basalt)
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Sedimentary rock
rock formed from cemented layers of sediment
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what are the three steps to form sedimentary rock
- Deposition
- Lithification
- Cementation
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Deposition
when sediments are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottoms of bodies of water
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Lithification
when sediments are compacted from the weight of overlying material over time
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Cementation
When mineral growth cements sediment grains together into solid rock
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3 types of sedimentary rock
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Clastic
formed from fragments of loose sediments
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Chemical dedimentary rock
formed from mineral grains that fall out of solution as evaporites
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Organic sedimentary rock
formed from the remains of living organisms
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metamorphic rock
- rocks that form from other rocks throught the actions of heat and pressure
- (sediment to shale to slate)
- (shell fragments to limestone to marble)
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three types of metamorphism
- regional
- contact
- hydrothermal
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Rock Cycle
- -Magma crystallizes to form igneous rocks
- -Igneous rocks may become metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure, broken down into sediments or melted back into magma
- -Sediments undergo lithification and cementation to form sedimentary rocks
- -Sedimentary rocks exposed to heat and pressure to for metamorphic rocks or broken back down into sediments
- -Metamorphic rocks may be buried and melted back into magma or broken down into sediments
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crust
- the outermost layer of the earth. compsed of solid rock
- Oceanic crust 4-7 km thick
- continetal crust 20-40 km thick
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Mantle
- the layer of rock between the crust and core of the earth 2900km thick
- 80% of earths volume
- partially melted giving it a plastic like consistency
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core
- center of the earth compsed of Iron and Nickel
- Outer is molten metal 2250km thick
- Inner is solid metal 1200 km thick
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Lithosphere
The outer portion of the earth consisting of the crust and the upper mantle upon which the crust moves
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Asthenosphere
the zone of the manle beneathe the lithosphere that consists of slowly flowing, partially melted rock
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Plate Tectonics
lithosphere is composed of 7 large plates andseveral smaller ones that move relative to one another
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what are the 7 plates
- North American plate
- South American plate
- Eurasian plate
- African plate
- Australian-Indian plate
- Antarctic plate
- Pacific plate
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Alfre Wegener
geologist who proposed the theory of plate tectonics in 1912
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Pangea
Wegner's name for the supercontinent that contained all of the land areas on Earth as a single continent befor it broke up
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Evidence for continental drift
- continents fit together like a puzzle
- fossils found match ones on the west coast of Africa and east coast of South America
- mineral depsits
- mountain ranges same age
- glacial deposits in warm climates
- coal deposits
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types of plate boundaries
- divergent plate boundary- moving apart creates gap
- convergent two plates come together
- 1.collision boundry: creates a mountain range
- 2. subduction boundry: continetal and oceanice plate collide or 2 oceanic plates collide creating a deep ocean trench
transform fault: 2 lithospheric plates slide horizontally pat to create fault zone
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what type of waves do earthquakes generate
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p waves
longitudinal waves travel the fastest parallel travels through any medium
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S waves
transverse wave , travel slower that p, perpendicular only travels through solids
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L waves
surface waves created by P and S waves, distorts the ground surface
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Richter scale
measures the size or magnitude(P and S waves)
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Mercalli scale
measures the intensity or damage(L wave)
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3 types of faults
normal, reverse,strick slip
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normal fault
produced by a tension from divergent plates
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Reverse faults
compression force by conversion plates
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Strike slip fault
sgure force transform plate
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trinagulation
Using 3 seismograph tracings to locate the epicenter of earth quake
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