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The Early Stages of Development
- -earliest human-like creature was Australopithecines:made simple stone tools
- Hominid:walked upright. (ie- Kenyanthro)
- Homo Erectus:moved from africa to europe and asia
- Homo Sapiens:wise human being
- -Neanderthals:first to bury their dead & clothes made up of animal skins
- -Homo Sapiens Sapiens:first anatomically modern human
-The First Humans
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Growth of Crops of the First Humans
- Southwest Asia- wheat & barley, domesticated pigs, cows, goats, sheep
- Central Africa- root crops, yams and trees like bananas
- Northern China- domestication of pigs and dogs
- Mesoamericans- beans, squash, maize (corn), domesticated fowls and dogs
-First Humans
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Farming Villages of the First Humans
- appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, Mesoamerica,
- oldest & biggest in Southwest Asia- Jericho and Catal Huyuk
- grew nuts, berries, grains, domesticated animals
- Artisans made weapons and jewelry
-First Humans
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The Emergence of Civilization of first humans
- rise of cities in RIVER VALLEYS
- Growth of Govt.= MONARCHS
- The role of Religion = PRIESTS
- A new social structure- Priests, govt. officials, warriors were most important.
- Use of Writing- rulers,priests,merchants,artisans used writing to keep accurate records
- Artistic Activity- Temples and pyramids built for worship and sacrifice. Sculptors made gods/goddesses
-The First Humans
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Impact of Geography for the First Humans
unknown....
-The First Humans
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Prehistory
The period before writing was developed
-The First Humans
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Archeology
The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind
-The First Humans
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Artifacts
tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, household items.
-The First Humans
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Anthropology
The study of human life & culture
-The First Humans
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Fossils
a remnant or impression of an organism from past geologic age that has been preserved in Earth's crust
-The First Humans
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Australopithrcine
"southern apes"
-The First Humans
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Hominid
humans and other creatures that walk upright
-The First Humans
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Homo Erectus
"upright human being"
-The First Humans
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Homo sapiens
"wise human being"
-The First Humans
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Neanderthals
homo sapiens found in Neander Valley, Germany
-The First Humans
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Homo sapiens sapiens
a homo sapiens from africa "wise wise human being"
-The First Humans
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Paleolithic Age
early period of human history in which humans used simple tools of stone
-The First Humans
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nomad
people who moved from place to place
-The First Humans
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men's role
hunting of large animals
-The First Humans
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women's role
have kids & gather nuts, berries, grains
-The First Humans
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The Ice Ages
thick sheets of ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, and North America
Fire = survival
-The First Humans
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Neolithic Revolution
- The period of human history from 8000-4000 BC
- Neolithic= new stone
-The First Humans
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Systematic Agriculture
the keeping of animals and growing of food on a regular basis
-The First Humans
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Domestication
adaption for human use
-The First Humans
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Artisan
skilled worker
-The First Humans
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Bronze Age
Widespread use of bronze 3000-1200 BC
-The First Humans
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Culture
the way of life that one follows
-The First Humans
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Civilization
A complex culture in which many humans share many common elements
-The First Humans
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Monarchs
Kings/Queens who rule a kingdom
-The First Humans
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City- States
basic units of Sumerian civilization
-Western Asia and Europe
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Ziggurat
A temple built atop a massive stepped tower
-Western Asia and Europe
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Theocracy
a government by divine authority
-Western Asia and Europe
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Empire
a large political unit or state (usually under one leader)
-Western Asia and Europe
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Patriarchal
dominated by men
-Western Asia and Europe
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Polytheistic
belief in many gods
-Western Asia and Europe
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Cuneiform
"wedge-shaped" system of writing
-Western Asia and Europe
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Hammurabi Code
his law code, a collection of 282 laws
-Western Asia and Europe
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Dynasty
a family of rulers whos right to rule is passed on within the family
-Western Asia and Europe
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Pharoah
"great house" "palace" Egyptian Monarch
-Western Asia and Europe
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Bureaucracy
an administrative organization w/ official and regular procedures
-Western Asia and Europe
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Vizier
"stewart of the whole land". Responsible to the Pharaoh
-Western Asia and Europe
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Mummification
a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting
-Western Asia and Europe
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Hieroglyphics
"priest-carving" "sacred writing"
-Western Asia and Europe
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Cleopatra
(VII) tryed to reestablish Egypt's independence
-Western Asia and Europe
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Pastoral Nomads
domesticated animals for food & clothes
-Western Asia and Europe
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Monotheistic
believe in one god
-Western Asia and Europe
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Indo-European
a group of people who used a language derived from a single parent tongue.
-Western Asia and Europe
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Phoenicians
- lived in the area of Palestine along the Mediterranean coast on a narrow band of land
- gave us the alphabet
-Western Asia and Europe
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Satrapies
the empire's 20 provinces
-Western Asia and Europe
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Satrap
- governor of the persian empire
- "protector of the the kingdom"
-Western Asia and Europe
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Monarchy
ruled by a king or queen
-Western Asia and Europe
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Assyrians
a semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons
-Western Asia and Europe
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Persians
an Indo-European people who lived in what is now Southwest Iran
-Western Asia and Europe
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Royal Road
- stretched from Lydia to Susa
- well-maintained roads made it easy for officials to travel through the empire
-Western Asia and Europe
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Epic Poem
a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero
-Ancient Greece
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Arete
in early greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest
-Ancient Greece
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Homer
wrote the Odyssey and the Illaid
-Ancient Greece
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Polis
the early greek city-state, consisting of a city and its surrounding territory
-Ancient Greece
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Acropolis
- fortified area at the top of a hill
- served as a place of refuge during attack
- religious center were temples & public buildings were built
-Ancient Greece
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Agora
an open area that served as a place where people would assemble and as a market
-Ancient Greece
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Hoplite
heavily armed infantry soldiers/foot soldiers
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Phalanx
a rectangular formation of the hoplites
-Ancient Greece
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Democracy
govt. by the people or rule of the many
-Ancient Greece
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Oligarchy
rule by few
-Ancient Greece
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Helot
- "capture"
- captive people who worked for their capturers
-Ancient Greece
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Ephor
a group of 5 men who were elected each year responsible for the youth's education
-Ancient Greece
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Athens
a city who had 300,000 by the 5th century
-Ancient Greece
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Sparta
one of the most famous greek city-states
-Ancient Greece
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Age of the Pericles
the period when pericles dominated Athen politics and Athens reached the height of its power
-Ancient Greece
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Direct Democracy
people participate directly in govt. decision making through mass meeting
-Ancient Greece
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Ostracism
to protect themselves against overly ambitious politicians
-Ancient Greece
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Ritual
ceremonies or rites
-Ancient Greece
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Oracle
a sacred shrine where a god/goddess revealed the future through priests/priestesses
-Ancient Greece
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Tragedy
- represented in a trilogy built around a common theme
- first greek dramas
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Philosophy
- refers to an organized system of thought
- -Ancient Greece
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Socratic Method
teaching using question and answer format
-Ancient Greece
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Sophist
a group of traveling teachers in ancient greece who rejected speculation such as that of the Pythagoras as foolish
-Ancient Greece
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Socrates
a sculptor whose true love was philosophy
he thought education was the only way to improve an individual
-Ancient Greece
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Plato
- one of the greatest philosopher
- thought of the question of reality
-Ancient Greece
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Aristotle
philosopher who examined objects to perceive their form
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Hellenistic Era
- "to imitate Greeks"
- age of expansion of greek language and ideas
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Epicureanism
school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the cheif goal in life and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure
-Ancient Greece
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Stoicism
- by Zeno
- happiness found only when people gain inner peace by living in harmon with the will of God.
-Ancient Greece
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Republic
a form of govt. in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Patrician
- great landowners
- rome's ruling class
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Plebian
less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers in Rome
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Consuls
- 2 chosen every year
- ran govt. and led the roman army into battle
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Praetor
in charge of civil law- law as its applied to Roman citizens
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Triumvirate
a govt. by three people w/equal power
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Dictator
an absolute ruler
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Imperator
commander in chief
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Crassus
- part of the first triumvirate
- richest man in Rome
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Pompey
- part of the first triumvirate
- a military hero
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Julius Caesar
- part of first triumvirate
- military hero
- became a dictator of rome
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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First Triumvirate
Crassus, Pompey, J. Caesar
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Second Trimuvirate
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Augustus Caesar
- Octavian
- "the revered one"
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Paterfamilias
the dominant male
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Insulae
poor village apartment blocks
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Procurator
an official in charge of a province
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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New Testament
second part of the christian bible
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Clergy
the church leaders
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Laity
the regular church members
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Plague
epidemic disease
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Inflation
a rapid increase in prices
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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weregild
amount paid by the wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she injured or killed
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Ordeal
based on the idea of divine intervention
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Bishopric
- diocese
- in charge of many parishes
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Popes
from the latin word papa "father" (of the catholic church)
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Monk
a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God.
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Monasticism
the practice of living the life of a monk
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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missionaries
people sent out to carry a religious message
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Nun
women who withdrew from ordinary life to be dedicated to God.
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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abbesses
headed the convents that nuns lived in
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Feudalism
political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages, when the royal govt. were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Vassal
a man who served a lord in a military capacity
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Knights
heavily armored cavalry
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Fief
the grant of land made to a vassal
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Feudal Contract
set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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tournaments
contests where knights could show their fighting skills
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Chivalry
an ideal of civilized behavior (for a knight)
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Common Law
law that was common to the whole kingdom
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Magna Carta
Great Charter
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Estates
classes-3
the clergy, the nobles, the townspeople and peasants
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Patriarch
head of the Eastern Orthodox Church
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Schism
separation between the two great branches of Christianity that has not been completely healed to this day
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Crusades
expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Infidels
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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Pope Innocent III
initiated the Fourth Crusade
-Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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