BVMS1

• Bones/Osteology (as props)
• Joints/Arthrology (allow movement between bones)
• Muscles/Myology (produces movement between bones

Folding limb

Moving limb forwards

Stretching limb

Moving limb backwards (or fixing limb and moving trunk forwards)

• sequence of limb movements
• (4 beat/time, 2 beat/rime, 3 beat/time, 4 beat/time- respectively)

Vertebral column

Limbs

• Flat (scapula/pelvis)
• Long (humerus/femus)
• Short (carpus/tarsus)
• Sesamoid (patella- embedded in tendons)

• Rough surface for general muscle attachment
• specific boney bumps provide site for attachment of important structures

• Covers outer surface of bone (except articular surfaces)
• contains blood vessels and nerves- important for fracture healing
• enters medullary cavity via nutrient foramen
• endosteum

• passage of structures/tendons
• articular surfaces: hyaline cartilage at weight bearing surfaces, resistant to deformation, NO blood vesses or nerves

• Bone is white (mineralization)
• on a long bone (shaft/wall= cortex, medullary cavity=hollow centre, epiphysis=end, metaphysis=transition zone)

• Limb bones form from centres of ossification:
• short and sesmoid bones: usually from one centre per bone
• flat and long: more than one per bone
• usually sites for important structures have separate centre
• cartilage between centers appear black= physis/growth plate
• DON'T MISTAKE FOR FRACTURES!!!

• young: open physes/growth plates, produce increase in bone length
• mature: closed growth plates= physeal scars
• *time of closure depends on contributuion of specific physis to limb length
• *can estimate age from growth plate closure time

• Adult: shaft is weakest
• Young: growth plate weakest (damage/separation), can cause premature closure of all or part of growth plate, subsequent problems depend on timing/location of injury

• Proximal= top of limb
• distal= bottom of limb
• medial= towards median plane
• lateral= away from median plane
• cranial= towards animals head (dorsal once below carpus/tarsus)
• caudal= towards animals tail (becomes palmar or plantar once below carpus or tarsus)

• Omo= shoulder
• Brachium= arm (shoulder to elbow)
• Antebrachium= forearm (elbow to carpus)
• carpus= wrist
• manus= hand (distal to carpus)
• digit= toe

Scapula, humerus, radius & ulna, carpus, metacarpal bones, proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, distal phalanges

• Flat bone
• important features: Body, neck, glenoid cavity
• lateral surface: spine (supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa), acromion process
• Glenoid cavity: articular surface/shoulder joint, concave, smooth surface
• supraglenoid tubercle: attachment of biceps brachii muscle
• Medial/costal surface: serated, rought bone- attachment of: serratus ventralis muscle (dorsal), subscapularis muscle (ventral)

• More rounded cranial angle than dog
• suprahamate process (proximal to acromion process)

• Centres of ossification: body, supraglenoid tubercle (2)
• (Problems: tendon of origin of biceps brachii muscle, physis weak point= avulsion)
• Palpate: dorsal and cranial border, cranial angle, spine, acromion (shoulder joint)
• caudal border is beneath muscle so not palpable

• Central nervous system: brain/skull, spinal cord/vertebral column
• Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves, spinal nerves

Somites in embryos: blocks of tissue, develop alongside spinal cord, group combines to form each forelimb, drag nerves, nerve supply therefore reflects origin

• Spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through intervertebral foramen paired left and right, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2- ventral branches enter brachial plexus
• supply forelimb
• motor= efferent fibres
• sensory= afferent fibres

spinal reflexes