Intro to Corrections - Test 2

Boston boot-maker known as the first probation officer.

Facility operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units, with a jail board drawn from representatives of the participating jurisictions, and having varying authority over policy, budget, operations, and personnel.

A drug that reduces the craving for heroin: it is used to spare addicts from painful withdrawl symptoms.

A drug, that when combined with alcohol causes violent nausea it is used to control a persons drinking.

Technique used to determine whether someone is using drugs.

The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior as mesured by new arrests or other problems with the law.

A person whose use of illegal chemical substances disrupts normal living patterns to the extent that social problems develop, often leading to criminal behavior.

An amount of money specified by a judge, to be posted as a condition for pretrial release to ensure the appearance of the accused in court.

Any threat to security or to the safety of individuals that is so obvious and compelling that the need to counter it overrides the guarantees of the first amendment.

Constraints imposed on some probationers to force them to deal with significant problem or need, such as substance abuse.

Constraints imposed on all probationers including reporting to the probation office, reporting any change of address, remaining employed and not leaving the jurisdiction without permission.

Constraints imposed on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution.

The ability to influence a person's actions in a desired direction without restorting to force.

The ability to force a person to do something he or she does not want to do.

Descriptions of PSIs of the costs of the crime for the victim, including emotional and financial loss.

Specific sets of objective criteria, such as offense history, previous experiance in the justice system, and substance abuse patterns, applied to all inmates to determine an appropriate classification.

Pretrial release because the judge believes the defendant's ties in the community are sufficiant enough to guarantee the defendant's apperance in court.

An alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor in exchange for withdrawl of charges.

An investigation and summary report of a convicted offender's background, which helps the judge decide on an appropriate sentence.

How many probationers are sentenced for felonies?

A model of justice that emphasizes reparation to the victim and the community approching crime from a problem-solving perspective and citizen involvement in crime prevention.

Means of ensuring a legitimate state intrest (such as security) that impose fewer limits to prisoner's rights than do alternative means of securing that end.

The constitutional guarantee that no agent of instrumentality of governemtn will use any procedures other than those procedures prescribed by law to arrest, prosecute, try or punish any person.

Any interest of the state that must take precedence over rights guaranteed by the first amendement.

A practice under English common law where by a judge could suspend the imposition or execution of a senetence on condition to good behavior on the part of the offender.

A formally recorded obligation to perform some act (keep the peace, pay a debt, or appear in court when called) entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community, often on posting a sum of money as surety, which is forefitted by non perfromance.

People who fail to appear for a cour date and have no legitimate reason.

a "disturbed" person whose criminal behavior may be traced to diminished or otherwise abnormal capacity to think or reason, as a result of psychological or neurological disturbance.

Facility where offenders such as pretrial releases and probation violaters attend day long intervention and treatment sessions.

Legal rules, usually set by an agency of the exectutive branch, designed to impement in detail the policies of that agency.

A philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being mostly rehabilitative.

A writ (Judicial order) asking a person holding another person to produce the prisoner and to give reasons to justify continued confinement.

Intervention, in a dispute, by a third party to whom the parties in conflict submit there differences for resolution and whose decision (in the correctional setting) is binding on both parties.

the release of a mental patient from a mental hospital and his or her return to the community.

Due process & Equal Protection

The constitutional guarantee that the law will be applied equally to all people, without reguard for such individual;s characteristics as gender, race, and religion.

A public official who investigates complaints against government officials and recommends corrective mesures.

A person who in paricular set of circumstances has violated the law but who is not given to criminal behavior under normal circumstances and is unlikely to repeat the offense.

Freedom of speech and religion.

Unreasonable Search & Seizures

A person whose limited mental development prevents adjustment to the rules of society.

The aggregate of circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the eight amendment, even though such guarantees are not violated by any single condition in the institution.

Responsibility for the provision of monetary or other compensation awarded to a plaintiff in civil action.

Requires that a regulation provide a reasonable, rational method of advancing a legitimate institutonal goal.

Community supervision technique ordinarily combined with home confinement, that uses electirc devices to maintain surveillance on offenders.

A Judicial Policy of noninterferance concerning the internal administration of prisons.

Which case ended the Hands-Off Policy

Detention of an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes the accused is considered likely to commit if set free pending trial.

An independent business-person who provides bail money for a fee, usually 5-10% of the total.

A person who sees crime as a way to earn a living, who has numerous contacts with the Criminal Justice System over time, and who may view the criminal sanction as a way of life.

An approach to probation that establishes goals for supervision and evaluates the effectiveness of metting those goals.

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Self contained living areas for 12- 15 inmates composed of individual cells for privacy and open areas for social interaction.

A facility authorized to hold people before court appearance for up to 48 hours.

The probationers failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge) resulting in revocation of probation.

A method of corretional supervision in which staff members have direct physical interaction with inmates throughout the day.

A person who has commited a sexual act prohibited by law such as rape, child molestation or prostitution, for economic, psychological or situational reasons.

What do we call Child Molesters

A person who serves a lengthy period in prison, such as 10 years or more before his or her first release.

Precent of HIV and AIDS infected.

Which case made it "cruel and unusual" to excecute an offender who became mentally ill while incarcerated

Two Functions of PSI.

Conditions of probation.

Main disadvantage of probation.

Time between arrest and trial for felonies

Most commonly used legal action to challenge prison & jail conditions.

Amount jails in the US today.