lipoprotien that carry absorbed lipid from intestinal tract to blood stream
when is urea produced?
during process of ammonia detoxifying
hormones that raise blood glucose?
human growth hormone
glucagon
cortisol
epinepherine
hormone that does NOT raise blood glucose
insulin
what are very low density lipoprotiens (VLDL)?
lipoprotien containing triglycerides manufactured by liver and transported to peripheral tissues
what do anabolic reactions do?
synthesize complex molecules from small molecules
what is postabsorptive state?
when body relies on inernal energy reserves to continue meeting energy demands
primary function of lipoprotien?
facilitate lipid transportation
key molecules at metabolic cross roads?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Pyruvic Acid
Glucose 6 Phosphate
Which body part does not switch to utilizing fatty acid during postabsorptive state?
brain
high density lipoprotien (HDL)?
lipoprotien carrying most cholesterol and phospholipid from peripheral tissue to liver
drug that blocks action of lipoprotien lipase would cause what to happen?
blood levels of VLDL would increase
which lipoprotiens formed in intestinal epithelial cells transport dietary fat?
chylomicrons
what vitamin is required for catabolism of amino acid?
Vit B6
why is catabolism of protein NOT a practical source of quick energy?
protien more difficult to break apart then lipid or carb
energy yield from protien less then lipid
one of bi product is toxin
threatens homeostasis at cell level
an impaired fat absorption in intestine interferes with absorption of what vitamin?
vit A
what happens to body cells during absorptive state?
body cells use glucose for ATP production
what happens to the amino group of amino acid during transamination?
transfers to keto acid
destruction of large amt of cells and thier nuclei could lead to an increase in blood levels of what?
uric acid
which molecules is used for PRIMARY exchange of energy?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
which molecule links kreb cycle to electron transport chain?
FADH2
increase diarrhea and lack of eating can cause body to use energy sources other then carbohydrate. This could cause what to increase?
glucogenesis in liver
True or False?
Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbs we ingest are mainly from animal?
FALSE
molecule that is major source of readily available body fuel?
glucose
where urea is formed?
liver
after 7 days of no eating, what would you observe?
increase in glucocorticoid levels
what happens when purines are deaminated?
excreted as uric acid
why important to eat enough vitamins in diet?
most vitamins are coenzymes and need to help body utilize essential nutrients
anabolism reactions are what?
small molecules are built up into larger molecules or structures
does catabolism in mitochondria provide ATP to sustain cell function?
yes
difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism takes small molecules makign them bigger (builds up) and catabolism (breaks down), so makes complex structures to simple ones
what state does the liver form glycogen?
absorptive state
primary function of cellular respiration?
make ATP which traps some chemical energy of food molecules in its high energy bonds
when does lipogenesis occur?
in cellular ATP and when glucose levels are high
what occurs during postabsorptive state?
glycogenolysis occurs in liver
ketone bodies formed
fat mobilization occurs
gluconeogeneis occurs in liver
where oxidative deamination takes place?
liver
transamination is the process where amine group of amino acid is transferred to what?
keto acid
in what state does glycogen form in liver?
absorptive state
what happens during starvation?
gluconeogenesis accelerates
structure protiens used as energy source
gluconeogenesis
process where glucose formed from non carbohydrate precursors
define glycolysis?
conversion of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
contents of balanced diet?
adequate substrates for production of energy
essential amino acids and fatty acid
contain enough vitamin and mineral
in normal conditions, are protiens used for energy production?
NO, only in starvation mode when carbohydrates not available
why are protiens essential for body?
production of hormone
production of enzymes, clotting factors, antibodies
form functional molecules
if carbohydrates are in abundance during carbohydrate metabolism what happens to the access present?
they turn to fat
what do vitamins assist in?
function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis
as body moves from absorptive to postabsorptive state which body part continues to burn glucose while all other body organs switch to fatty acid?
brain
during gluconeogenesis, what products are converted to glucose?
glycerol and amino acid
too much ketone bodies in blood and urine indicate what?
increase metabolism of fatty acid
does glycolysis occur in mitochondria?
no
does electron transport, kreb cycle and formation of malic acid from fumaric acid occur in mitochondria?
yes
beta oxidation?
occurs in mitochondria, cleavage occurss at every second carbon and yeilds acetic acid
is cellular respiration a catabolic process
yes
during oxidation reactions does a substance gain or lose an electron?
loses the electron
which reaction (oxidation or reduction) causes a gain of electrons?
reduction gains
oxidation loses
function of LDL
1-regulate cholestrol synthesis in tissue cells
2-make cholestrol avail to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis
3-one form promotes plaque formation in blood vessels
where does carbohydrate metabolism begin?
cytosol where it doesnt need oxygen
where does aerobic respiration take place and does it use oxygen?
takes place in mitochondria and uses oxygen
steps to carbohydrate metabolism?
1)glycolysis
2) TCA Cycle
3)Electron Transport Chain
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic process?
anaerobic so doesnt use oxygen
during glycolysis what is converted ?
6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon Pyruvic acid molecules
how many ATP molecules are gained during glycolysis?
2 ATP
during glycolysis what happens?
1) phosphate group attaches to glucose molecule creating glucose 6 phosphate
2) another phosphate group attaches
steps 1 and 2 cost 1 ATP each
3) the new molecule then divides into 2 smaller molecules
4) both molecules recieve another phosphate group
Additionally, NAD generates NADH5) as these molecules are processed 2 ATP form
6) as the atoms rearrange, water molecules release
7) more processing result in net total of 2 ATP that forms
what starts the TCA cycle ?
pyruvic acid that forms anaerobically is absorbed by mitochondria and converts to acetyl group, which binds with coenzyme A and forms Acetyl CoA
What happens during TCA cycle to form citric acid?
acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetic acid from glycolysis cycle
during TCA cycle what does each Acetyl Coa produce?
2 Co2
3 NADH + H+
1 FADH2
1 ATP
During TCA cycle what happens with NADH and FADH2?
they carry H+ to inner mitochondria to make large amt of ATP from electrons in Electron Transport Chain
how many ATP form during the Glycolysis, TCA cycle and Electron Transport Chain?
36-38 ATP
Diabetes Mellitus?
blood glucose concentration high enough to overwhelm reabsorption of kidneys
types of diabetes?
Type 1- insulin dependant
Type 2- non insulin dependant
causes of diabetes?
genetic abnormalities
pathological conditions
injury
immune disorders
hormone imbalance
symptoms of diabetes?
increase urination
increase thirst
constant hunger
blurred vision
fatigue
nutrient pool
all organic building blocks cells rely on to provide energy and to create new intracellular componants
exergonic reaction
endogonic reaction
exergonic provide energy
endogonic require energy
why does cyanide ion that binds to cytochrome a3 become lethal?
prevents transfer of electrons to oxygen and so cells die from energy starvation
if oxygen not present in enough quantity to support electron transport system what happens to pyruvic acid?
it is reduced to lactic acid because NADH and H+ begin to unload the Hydrogens back into pyruvic acid, reducing it. The additional 3 H+ to pyruvic acid result in production of lactic acid
primary purpose of TCA cycle?
reduce coenzyme for electron transport system
what happens during carbohydrate metabolism in GI tract?
polysaccharides broken down to simple sugar and absorption
during carbohydrate metabolism what happens in liver?
fructose and galactose make glucose
glycogen stored
Glucose 6 phosphate
forms immediately inside cells (needs ATP)
cant cross cell membrane
during cellular respiration what happens to glucose and oxygen initially?
glucose and oxygen broken down to make CO2 and H2O and energy (36-38 ATP form)
from one glucose molecule what is formed?
2 ATP form during glycolysis
2 ATP during TCA cycle
32-34 ATP at electron Transport Cycle
steps to glycolysis?
1) glucose enter cytoplasm and phosphate attaches to it
2) second phosphate attaches, which uses 2 ATP
3) the 6 carbon chain splits to make two- 3 carbon molecule
4) phophate attaches to each 3 carbon molecule that split and NAD makes NADH
5) 1 ATP is formed for each molecule processed
6) the atoms in each molecule rearrange and release 1 molecule of water
7) a second ATP is formed for each molecule process. This forms 2 ATP
if O2 lacking in cell what happens to pyruvic acid?
what if there is enough O2?
not enough O2 will turn pyruvic acid to lactic acid
when there is enough O2 cellular respiration happens in mitochondria and acetyl CoA forms
neutral lipids?
triglycerides
sat fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid
steroids?
cholesterol
estradiol
testoterone
if ATP is high how are lipids broken down? what if ATP is low?
if ATP is high turns to glucose
if ATP is low to pyruvic acid
what happens to DNA and RNA during catabolism?
DNA does NOT catabolize
RNA is disassembled to a nucleic acid where Pyrimidines are converted to Acetyl CoA for TCA cycle and Purines deaminate and excrete to uric acid
how many hours for absorption of each meal in absorptive state?
4 hours and lasts 12 hrs/day
when is absorption of nutrients from GI tract complete?
postabsorptive state
normal blood glucose levels?
70-110
how does glucose enter blood?
glycogen breakdown in liver to produce
glycerol from adipose converted by liver
gluconeogenesis using amino acid will produce it
what are some alternate fuel sources during postabsorptive state?
fatty acid from adipose tissue fed into kreb as acetyl CoA
lactic acid produced anaerobically during exercise
oxidation of ketone body by heart and kidney
what would cause excessive beta oxidation and ketone production?
fasting, starving, high fat meal with few carbs
s/s of ketosis?
very low blood pH
sweet smell of ketone body acetone on breathe
what minerals determine osmotic concentration of body fluid?
