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Self-concept
set of attributes that defines believes oneself to be, who you think you are who you see yourself as being
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Self-esteem
The positive or negative overall evaluation that we have of ourselves, when think of yourself overall of you feel good or bad
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Traits
general self esteem that you have throughout your life, can change over course of the lifespan but it is for the most part at a set point that you tend to stick to, a stable self esteem
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trait self esteem
the enduring level of confidence and regard that people have for their defining abilities and characteristics across time
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state self esteem
Fluctuations in self-esteem over time and in different domains, the dynamic, changeable self-evaluations that are experienced as momentary feelings about the self
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sociometer theory
evolutionary purpose, protects against isolation , internal subjective index or marker of the extent to which we are included or looked on favorably by others
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Terror management theory
- Assures us of our value in the world, decreases fear of death,
- Theory that people deal with the potentially paralyzing anxiety that comes with the knowledge of the inevitability of death by striving for symbolic immortality through the preservation of a valued worldview and the conviction that one has lived up to its values and prescriptions
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reflected appraisals our perception of how others perceive and evaluate us
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direct feedback the information received from others about our traits and abilities
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social comparison the act of comparing our traits and abilities with the traits and abilities of others
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theory of social comparison
the hypothesis that when there isn’t an objective standard of evaluation or comprehension, we compare ourselves to other people in order to evaluate our opinions, abilities and internal states
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upward social comparison
motivate if people assimilate, comparing self to someone upward, may be hard to compare oneself to someone who is better than you but can serve as motivation
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downward social comparison
boosts our self-esteem if people contrast, compare with someone who is worse than you helps you feel better about yourself
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temporal comparison comparing ourselves
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self perception theory
people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be
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introspection as a source of self knowledge
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schema
a collection of related beliefs or idea that people use to organize their knowledge about the world
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scripts schema for an event
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stereotypes type of schema about a group of people
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self-schema
generalizations/beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self relevant information
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self-referent effect:
tendency to elaborate on and recall information that is intergraded into our self knowledge
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what is the self motivated to do?
- Be consistent
- Feel good
- Be correct
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self-verification
we strive for stable accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs gives is a sense of coherence
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self-enhancement
need for positive self-view and to protect against negative feedback
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self-evaluation maintenance model
we are motivated to view ourselves in a favorable light and that we do so through two processes: reflection and social comparison
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self-serving bias
tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, but to attribute success and other good events on oneself
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over-optimism
the sense that the future offers the promise of happiness and success
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unrealistic optimism
think that positive events are more likely to happen to them than to others and negative events are less likely to happen to them
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comparative optimism
tendency to focus on themselves and ignore what happens to others
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better than average effect
- people tend to think that they are decidedly above average
- People think they are above average in popularity, kindness, fairness, leadership, and the ability to get along with others. Above average drivers
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false consensus effect
Tendency to assume that own opinions, beliefs, preferences, values and habits are “normal” and that others also think the same way you do. Leads to perception of a consensus that does not exist: false consensus
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false uniqueness effect
think we possess traits that very few people possess making us different from everyone else
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self-efficacy the belief in our own capabilities
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illusions of control choosing lottery numbers
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locus of control
- Overestimating the control we have in situations, when there really isn’t a control
- Dice: rolling slower or faster lets us feel in control and think that we can control what will be rolled
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learned helplessness
passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes
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self-presentation
controlling, regulating, and monitoring the information we provide about ourselves
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self-handicapping
tendency to engage in self defeating behaviors in order to prevent others from drawing unwanted attributions about the self as a result of poor performance
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Self-monitoring
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting performance to create the desired impression
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high self monitors
Sensitive to social cues; social chameleons who work to project an image that they think others want to see.
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low self-monitors
Lack either ability or motivation to regulate self-presentations; focus on being self-consistent and relatively unconcerned with their impression
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