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What is the caudal region of the thigh?
Hamstring region
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What is the region caudal to the stifle joint?
E. Politeal region
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What is the region between the stifle and the tarsus?
Leg, crus (gaskin, shank)
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What region contains the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits (human foot)?
Pes
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List the regions of the pelvic limb from proximal to distal
Rump/ gluteal, hip, thigh, hamstring, popliteal, leg, pes
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Of what does the hip bone (os coxae) consist?
Fused ilium, ischium, pubis (& acetabular) bones
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What hip bone concavity articulates with the head of the femur?
Acetabulum
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What are the large openings in the floor of the pelvic girdle?
Obturator foramina
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What is the junction of the right and left os coxae?
Pelvic symphysis
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What is the palpable prominence of the lateral wing of the ilium?
What is its common name?
Tuber coxae/ point of the hip
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What is the thick, caudal part of the ischium?
Ischiatic tuberosity/ ischial tuber
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What medial process of the wing of the ilium is next to the sacrum?
Tuber sacrale/ sacral tuberosity
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What is the caudal indentation between the ischiatic tuberosities?
Ischiatic arch
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What large prominence is lateral to the head of the femur?
Major (greater) trochanter of the femur
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What is the prominence distal to the head of the femur (medial side)?
Minor (lesser) trochanter
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The patella articulates with the ____surface of the femur
Trochlear (patellar surface of trochlea)
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What depression on the head of the femur is for the round ligament?
Fovea capitis
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What are the two large knuckle-like structures on the distal femur?
Medial and lateral condyles
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What is the depression between the lateral condyle and the trochlea of the femur for the attachment of the long digital extensor muscle?
Extensor fossa
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What are the medial and lateral elevation on the distal femur?
Medial and lateral epicondyles
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What are the two sesamoid bones in the heads of the gastrocnemius?
Medial and lateral sesamoids (fabellae) of the gastrocnemius muscle
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What is the large proximocranial process of the tibia where the patellar ligaments attach?
Tibial tuberosity
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What part of the tibia articulates with the talus (tibial tarsal bone)?
Distal articular surface (cochlea)
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Which is the more lateral bone of the crus?
Fibula
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List the bones of the hock and which rows they are in
- Proximal row: talus and calcaneus (heel bone)
- Middle row: central & 4th (2 story bone)
- Distal row: numbered bones 1-4
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What bone of the proximal row is located on the lateral side?
Calcaneus, also plantar side
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What is another name for the tarsus?
Hock
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What is the relatively immovable joint between the sacrum and ilium?
Sacroiliac joint
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What is the sacrotuberous ligament?
Band of connective tissue from the tuber ischiaticum to sacrum in dog not in cat
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What is the ligament from the fovea capitis to the acetabular fossa?
Ligament of the head of the femur (formerly round ligament of the femur)
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What articulates to form the hip joint?
Acetabulum (os coxae) and head (femur)
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What are the fibrocartilaginous discs between the condyles of the femur and tibia?
Medial and lateral menisci
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How are the cruciate ligaments named?
For their attachment to the tibia
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Which collateral ligament attaches to a meniscus?
Medial
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List the sesamoid bones of the stifle
Patella, 2 sesamoids in the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle (fabellae) and sesamoid bone in the popliteal tendon
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List the joints of the hock
- Tibiotarsal, tarsocrural or talocrural joint
- Proximal intertarsal joint
- Distal intertarsal joint
- Tarsometatarsal joint
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In what domestic species is the exact configuration of the tarsus clinically most important?
Horse
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Define the perineum
Body wall closing the pelvic outlet around the terminations of the digestive and urogenital tracts
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What is the ischiorectal fossa?
Depression lateral to the anus filled with fat
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What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?
Coccygeus and levator ani muscles
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How do the pelvic diaphragm muscles relate to each other?
They don't- Coccygeus: more lateral; Levator ani: deep and caudal to coccygeus
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What is the perineal body?
Fibrous and muscular tissue unititing the anal canal and vagina or bulb of penis
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Where does the iliopsoas m. insert?
Lesser trochanter of the femur
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What is the function of the iliopsoas m.?
Major flexor of the hip
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What are extensors of the stifle and what innervates them?
Cranial thigh (quadriceps) muscles, femoral n.
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What is the action and innervation of the medial thigh muscles?
Adduction, obturator n. (pectineus, gracilis, adductor)
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List the "hamstrings" muscles from lateral to medial
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous
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What are the insertions of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) in the dog's pelvic limb?
- SDF: middle phalanges
- DDF: distal phalanges
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What are the actions of the crural muscles? Innervation?
- Craniolateral: extensors of digits and flexor of the tarsus (called extensors)
- -common fibular n.
- Caudal: flexors of digits and extensors of the tarsus (called flexors)
- - tibial n.
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What composite tendon inserts on the calcaneus?
What are its main components?
- Common calcanean tendon
- -SDF and gastrocnemius
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What do the terminal brances of the aorta mainly supply?
External iliacus: pelvic limbs; internal iliacus: pelvis and rump; median sacral/caudal: tail
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What artery is a direct continuation of the external iliac artery out of the abdominal cavity to supply the pelvic limb?
Femoral a.
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What is the distal continuation of the femoral artery caudal to the stifle?
Popliteal a.
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What is a digital artery on the side of the digit facing the axis?
One facing away from the axis?
Axial digital artery; abaxial digital artery
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List the superficial veins of the pelvic limb
Medial and lateral saphenous veins
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What is the palpable lymph nod of the pelvic limb? Where
Popliteal lymph node, caudal to the stifle (popliteal area)
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LIst the main nerves of the pelvic limb and what they innervate
- Gluteal nn.- gluteal muscles
- Obturator: adductors of the thigh
- Ischiatic: caudal thigh mm.
- -Tibial: caudal crural muscles and sensory to plantar paw
- -Common fibular: craniolateral crus and sensory to dorsal paw
- Femoral: iliopsoas, quadriceps
- -Saphenous: sartorius and sensory to medial skin (including medial stifle)
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What nerve prevents lateral slipping?
Obturator
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What nerve allows extension of the rear limb digits?
Common fibular
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What does the ischiatic n supply?
Caudal thigh mm. and by its brances the distal limb
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What nerve is required to bear weight on the pelvic limb?
Femoral n. (L4-6) extends the stifle
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What is the rule when talking about pelvic fracture?
If 1 fracture seen, look for 2 more (1 may be a luxation of the hip)
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What should not be mistaken for an avulsion of the tibial tuberosity?
Growth plate/physis of the tibial tuberosity
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How does the fovea capitis of the femur appear in radiographs?
Normal flattening of femoral head if positioned right/seen
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How is a dog placed for hip dysplasia view?
- Dordal recumbency, limbs pulled caudally and rotated slightly medially= femurs parallel, patellas centered in femoral trocholea.
- Superimpose femurs and the ischiatic tuberosity
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How must the pelvis be placed in hip dysplasia view? Why?
Level (no rotation or 1 acetabulum looks deep other, other shallow)
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How do you check for rotation of the pelvis in hip dysplasia view?
Compare symmetry of obturator foramen and sacroiliac joints
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What radiographic findings of hip dysplasia comes first to mind?
<50% of femoral head inside dorsal rim of acetabulum
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What is required to evaluate coxofemoral luxation radiographically?
Requires 2 views to ascertain direction of luxation (craniodorsal most common)
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In young dogs, what bone has a growth plate which looks like a fracture?
Tibial tuberosity
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What does a skyline/ tangenital view of the stifle show?
Depth of trochlear groove, patella and femoropatellar joint space
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On the mediolateral projection of the stifile what is the radiolucent (fat) density seen in the triangle formed by the femur, tibia and distal patellar ligament?
Subpatellar fat pad
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What are the 4 sesamoid bones that should not be mistaken for fracture fragments in radiographs of the stifle joint?
Patella, 2 sesamoids of gastrocnemius muscle, and sesamoid in the popliteal tendon
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How is the lateral side of the DP view of the tarsus easily identified?
4th tarsal/ 2 story bone: lateral
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What is the radiographic landmark for the tarsus? What does it tell you?
Calcaneus, lateral and plantar sides
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What tarsal surfaces are highlighted in a DLPMO view?
Dorsomedial and PL sides of tarsus
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How does an animal with hypertrophic osteodystrophy present?
Young dog, swelling around the metaphyseal region of long bones of limbs, fever, and lameness
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What are the classical radiographic signs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Bone cuffing around the metaphyseal region and double physes
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What is hypertrophic osteopathy?
Lamellar periosteal proliferation on long bones of extremities associated with space occupying lesion of thorax causing lameness and pain
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What is seen radiographically in hypertrophic osteopathy?
Periosteal proliferation around the diaphyses of affected bones
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What is the treatment for hypertrophic osteopathy?
Treating associated thoracic lesion usually results in regression of bony lesions
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What is classically seen on radiographs of panosteitis (inflammation of long bones)?
Nodular opacities to complete opacification of medullary cavities, most prominent near the nutrient foramen. Resolution may leave a vacant look to the medullary cavity (dark) with a course trabecular pattern
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How is a recurrent dislocating patella evaluated radiographically?
Skyline view of shallow femoral trochlear (patellar) groove
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