Private Pilot

No passengers are allowed to be carried in a aircraft that has undergone alterations unless an appropriately rated pilot (private pilot at the minimum) has:

made operation check of maintenance performed or alterations made

flies the aircraft

logs the flight in aircraft records

1. After meeting the requirements of 14CFR and is found safe for operations the FAA will isse the Airworthiness Certificate

2. must meet the requirements of the oringinal certificate

3. must be displayed in the aircraft for crew and passengers to see

• 4. transferred when the aircaft is sold
• a. except to a foreign purchaser

5. remains in effect as long as the aircraft receives the required maintenance and is prperly registered in the United States

Yes, under specific conditions. 14 CFR Part 91 describes acceptable methods for operation:

Minimum equipment list 91.213 for aircrafts

Operation of aircraft without MEL under 14 CFR 91.213

• 1. a precise listing of instruments, equipment and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment
• 2. it is a specific document based off of make, model, serial number and registration number i.e. B747
• 3. The items are deembed by the FAA to be inoperative but the aircraft is still at a acceptable safety level based on certain conditins and limitatins.

• When inoperative equipment is found in preflight or prior to departure the PIC should:
• 1. cancle the flight
• 2. receieve maintenance prior to flight
• 3. defer the inoperative equipment.

Pilot determines if the inoperative equipment is required by type design, regulation of AD, IF NOT THEN:

• 1. the airplane can fly safely
• 2. make a defferal
• 3. remove or deactive the inoperative item
• 4. place INOPERATIVE label near the swtich, control or indicator

Cert. Maintenance personal must work with inoperative equipment if it requires maintenance.

• 1. Keep current Airworthiness Certificate and Aircraft Registration
• 2. aircraft is maintained in airworthy conditions including compliance with ADs
• 3. maintenance is recorded properly
• 4. keep on top of current regulations concerning the operation of the aircraft
• 5. FAA has to know of loss of citizenship, mailing address changed, sale or export of aircraft
• 6. FCC license is current, radios, ELT if operated outside of the USA

The simple or minor preservation operations and replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.

Essentially no complex maintenance.

An aircraft does not meet the airworthiness requirements, but able to preform safe flight then it gets a special flight premit.

• 1. flying an aircraft to a base to be repaired, altered, storage or maintenance
• 2. delivering or exporting an aircraft
• 3. new aircraft product being flight tested
• 4. evacuating from danger
• 5. customer demonstration flight of a new product after a passing a production flight test

Flight Standard District Office or Designated Airworthiness Representative

• FAA's medium to let owners know of unsafe conditions that may exist in an aircraft due to design defects, maintenance or other causes.
• FAA lets you know what conditions the aircraft can be operated in.

90 Days

Entry in the maintenanace record

aircraft weight and balance handbook

• Compare to standard lapse rate of 3.5 F per 1000 feet.
• Stable air cools are a rate less than standard lapse rate
• Unstable rate cools at a rate faster than stable lapse rate.

For every 1000 feet you go up take away 2 degrees C

Visible moisture and below freezing temperatures at the point moisture strikes the aircraft

1. Structural

2. Induction

• 1. clear ice
• 2. rime ice
• 3. mixed ice
• 4. frost

Large drops striking the aircraft surface and slowly freezing

Rapidly freezing small drops that strike the aircraft

Mixture of rime ice and clear ice that vary in size

Ice crystals that form from sublimation of dew point and temperature hitting below freezing level.

Change course and/or altitude, usually climb to a higher altitude.

A rate change of wind velocity per unit of distance, vertical or horizontal wind shear

1. Frost spoils the smooth flow of air.

2. Slowing of air flow

3. Early airflow separation.

4. Experience a lost of lift.

5. May not be able to become airborne at normal takeoff speed.

6. Could stall

• 1. A source of lift
• a. heating, a fast-moving front

• 2. unstable air
• a. nonstandard lapse rate

• 3. high moisture content
• a. temperature/ dew point close

• 1. Cumulus stage
• a. updrafts and large raindrops

• 2. Mature Stage
• a. rain at earth's surface falling beside the updraft, thunder, lightening and roll clouds

• 3. Dissipating Stage
• a. downdrafts and rain begin to dissipate or separate.

1. The air cooling to dew point.

2. Adding moisture to the air.

1. Radiation Fog

2. Advection Fog

3. Upslope fog

4. Precipitation induced fog.

5. Ice fog.

The ground cools the near air to the dew point on calm, clear nights.

Warm air over a cool surface is advection fog. Think of warm Florida air over the cold gulf ocean.

Found along the coast lines.

Advection fogs can come at anytime.

Occuring in high altitudes and mountainous areas. Upslope fog is moist stable air being cooled moving up a sloping terrain.

1. low level temperature inversions.

2. frontal zone or thunderstorm.

3. CAT at high levels associated with a jet stream.

Wind shear is the rate of change of wind velocitey (direction and/or speed)

With the unexpected change in wind speed and direction this can be very dangerous during approach to or departing an airport.

Calling 1-800-WX- Brief which is associated with talking to an 24 hour available briefer.

1. Private weather and aeronautical information systems

2. DUATS

3. TWEB > Transcribed weather broadcast

4. TWEB > Telephone access

5. Telephone info. briefing service

1. Airport/ Facility Directory under FAA and NWS Telephone Numbers

2. Government section of the phone book

1. Standard Briefing

2. Abbreviated Briefing

3. Outlook Briefing

A request when you have not received a previous briefing.

Update of the previous briefing. Essentially if you only need to update one or two items.

A briefing of a flight plan that won't occur for another six or more hours.

Request when need to update a preflight briefing

1. Adverse Conditions

2. VFR flight not recommended

3. Synopsis or Weather Summary

4. Current Conditions

5. Enroute Forecast

6. Destination Forecast

7. Winds aloft

8. Notices to Airment

9. ATC Delay

1. MOA or MTR information

2. NOTAMS

3. ADIZ rules

4. any other system required

Enroute Flight Advisory System.

1. weather advisories at the time which relate to your flight plan

2. Can submit pilot reports

3. can receive pilot reports

122.0 MHZ

5,000 feet to 17,500 feet

Flight Watch

Hazardous in flight weather advisory service.

A continuous broadcast of in flight weather advisories:

1. Aviation weather warning

2. SIGMETS

3. Convective SIGMETs

4. Center Weather Advisories

5. AIRMETs

6. Urgent PIREPS

Aviation rountine weather report. Gives a surface observation outlook of the conditions observed at an airport.

Hourly

1. ICAO station identifier

2. Date and time of the report in zulu

• 3. modifier
• a. if AUTO if no human is involved
• b. AO1 or AO2 remarks weather precipitation sensor was used

4. Wind

5. Visibility in statute miles

6. runway visual range

• 7. weather phenomena
• a. is it snowing

8. sky conditions

9. temperature/ dew point

10. altimeter

11. remarks

1. Manual Obesrvation

2. AWOS

3. AWOS Broadcasts

4. ASOS

Reports made from airport locations staffed by FAA and NWS personnel

Automated Weather Observation System, computer generated minute by minute broadcast of local weather directed to the pilot

Computer generated voice that gives minute by minute weather observation

Automated Surface Observation System which is transmitted over VHF radios providing minute by minute METAR information

1. type

2. location

3. UTC time

4. flight level

5. type of aircraft

6. weather element

Gives precipitation information:

1. rain

2. snow

3. thunderstorms

4. height of precipitation

5. intensity of precipitation

6. location

MSL

Terminal Area Forecast

Expected meteorological conditions at a 5 SM radius from the center of the airports runway during a 24 hour period

1. Station identifier

2. date and time of 24 hour report, valid period date and time

3. forecast

A forecast of meteorological conditions of clouds nd general weather over several states

Three times a day from the Aviation Weather Center

Six sections

1. Communication and product header section

2. Precautionary statement section

3. Synopsis Section

4. VFR clouds and weather section

1. identification the states that consist in that area

2. the date of the issued report

3. the time the report was issued and the valid time of the report

4. the product name

1. SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDITIONS AND MTN OBSC

2. TSTMS IMPLY SVR OR GTR TURBC SVR ICG LLWS AND IFR CONDS

3. NON MSL HGTS ARE DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG

for IFR users alerting them of mountain obscurements that may be in that portion of that Area Forecast

reminds of the hazards exisiting in all thunderstorms

1. Heights are above sea level

2. heights are in hundred feet

1. location of pressure systems and fronts in an 18 hour period

2. other weather phenomena are included

12 hour specific forecast of states broken down state by state giving a general description of clouds and weather

lets en route aircraft know of hazardous weather

1. SIGMETS

2. AIRMET

3. Convective SIGMETS

1. severe or greater turbulence

2. severe icing

3. low level wind shear

All categories of aircraft

Central, Eastern Western

issued at any time and updated at H+ 55

two hours

1. embedded thunderstorms

• 2. severe thunderstorms
• a. 50 knot surface winds
• b. hail
• c. tornadoes

3. a line thunderstorms

4. heavy precipitation thunderstorm

A non convective advisory that is hazardous to all aircraft

six

four hours

1. severe icing

2. extreme CAT

3. dust storms and sand storms

4. low visibility

5. volcanic ash

weather phenomen that are described lower than SIGMETs

every six hours

AIRMETs are used for all pilots in the preflight and en route phase of flight to enhance safety

Issued every 12 hours at four times a day

TWEB covers an area of a radius of 50 NM

1. surface winds of 25 knots or greater

2. visibility

3. obscuration vision

4. sky conditions

5. mountain obscurement

6. low level wind shear

1. favorable altitudes for flying

2. areas of possible icing

3. temperature inversions

4. turbulence

The give warning to aircrews to avoid weather conditions in the en route or terminal environments

two hours but conditions are known to carry out longer a statement will be given

A national forecast of thunderstorms

A two (or 48 hour period)

The areas of non- severe, light, moderate or high risk of thunderstorms

helps in flight planning to avoid thunderstorms

1. surface analysis charts

2. weather depiction charts

3. radar summary chart

4. significant weather prognostic charts

5. winds and temperature aloft charts

6. composite moisture stability charts

7. convective outlook chart

8. constant pressure analysis charts

9. volcanic ash forecast transport

every three hours

1. location of pressure systems

2. fronts

3. winds

4. temperatures

5. dew point

three hour intervals

1. a bird's eye view of weather

2. total sky cover

3. cloud height

4. ceiling

5. weather

6. obstructions to visibility

ceilings less than 1,000 MSL and a visibility of 3 miles with instrument flight rules

Marginal VFR with ceilings between 1,000 to 3,000 feel and 3 to 5 SM visibility

No ceiling or ceilings have to be greater than 3,000 and visibility greater than 5 miles

fog and cloud display

hourly and valid from 35 minutes pass each hour

1. intensity of precipitation

2. the coverage of precipitation

3. movement of precipitation

Every 12, 24, 36, 48 hours

Surface to 24,000 feet

24,000 to 60,000 feet

12, 24, 36, 48 hours issued four times a day

1. pressure systems and fronts

2. precipitations

3. pressure patterns

4. precipitations

5. freezing levels

6. turbulence

a four panel chart used to observe upper air data

twice daily

1. precipitation

2. relative humidity

3. low highs and fronts

two days in two panels providing a forecast of thunderstorms

Any surface of equal pressure in the atmosphere is a constant pressure surface

1. highs

2. lows

3. troughs

4. ridges

5. isobars patterns

Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion Chart which discusses how volanic ash from a volcano travels

every 6 or/and 12 hours

a device that can produce lift if air moves over its surface

1. propellers

2. flaps

3. horizontal tail surfaces

the angle of incidence is the angle formed by the longitudinal axies of airplane and the chord of the wing

the angle at which the wing is attached to the fuselage

low pressure over the upper surface is greater velocity over the wing because it is longer at the top while greater pressure causes less velocity at the bottom of the wing because the length is shorter

Wing area can change by changing the flaps

If frost is on the airfoil it will disrupt the airflow and possibly seperate the airflow resulting in a lost a lift

the curvature of an airfoil can increase lift

Proportional to each other. As angle of attack increase lift and drag are increased

Increase in velocity of air poassing over the wing will increase lift and drag

Air density increase = lift and drag increase

Air density decrease = lift and drag decrease

1. temperature

2. pressure

3. humidity

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

as the propeller revolves in one direction and equal opposite force acts on the airplane at an opposite direction

• 1. at low airspeeds with high power settings and high angles of attack
• a. think of doing a power on stall

the plane tends to roll do to torque acting on the longitudinal axis

left turning moment during takeoff

the rotation of the propeller to the right causes the plane to bank left

when force is applied to a spinning object on the outter rim the force will be shown 90 degrees from where the force was applied

the slipstream strikes the vertical tail surface on the left side pushing the tail to the right and yawing the airplane to the left

The airplane yaws to the left because the lower downward moving blade is at a greater angle of attack having greater thrust than the upward moving blade

the equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to change in direction and acts on equal opposite to hte horizontal component of lift

a ratio of the total load supported by the airplanes wing / to the actual weight of the airplane

1. dangers of overloading and the stress imposed on the aircraft structure

• 2. increase load factors comes with an increase in the stalling speed
• a. increase load factors can make stalls possible at safe flights

after 45 degree the load factor increases

at 60 degrees the load factor is a 2G

severe vertical gust of wind can increase the angle of attack resulting in a large load which are resisted by the inertia of the airplane

Load factor can be exceeded if a plane is flying faster than maneuvering speed takes on an abrupt control change

1. Normal ......+3.8 to - 1.52

2. Utility ........+4.4 to -1.76

3. Aerobatic .......+6.0 to - 3.00

As load factor increases stalling speed increase

At a given airspeed the load factor increase as analge of attack increases, and the wing stalls becasue the angle of attack has been increased to a certain angle

The speed are which abrupt changing can be applied without exceeding the limit load factor

maneuverign speed increases with an increase in weight and decrease with a decrease in weight

• 1. reaching the critical angle of attack and exceeding it
• a. 18 degrees

2. when air can not flow over the wing smoothly

3. any speed

4. any power setting

recoverable or unrecoverable maneuver in whcih the airplane descends in a helical path while flying at an angle of attack than the critical angle of attack

• 1. aggravated stalls
• a. slip or skid

• 2. stalls
• a. have to have a stall to have spin

1. exceeding a critical angle of attack

2. excessive rudder and aileron

3. insufficient rudder and aileron

pilot increases back pressure trying to stretch out the landing area and makes an uncoordinated turn with a low airspeed

pilot overshoots final and makes an uncoordinated turn at low airspeeds

pilot tries to stretch glide by increasing back pressure

pilot applies power with full flpas and nose up trim combined with uncoordinated use of rudder

pilot applies power and retracts flaps rapidly resulting in a rapid sink rate follwe by an instinctive increase in back pressure

1. close the throttle

2. neutralize the ailerons

3. apply full opposite rudder

4. elevator forward to neutral position

5. break the stall and neutralize the rudder the spin should stop

6. gradually apply elevator pressure and return to level flight

The direction opposite to that desired

When turning left the right aileron produces more life along with more drag which causes adverse yaw because the drag pulls the plane to the right which is the undesired direction

Improved performance that airplane experiences when operating near the ground

Airflow is restricted by the ground surface

there is reduction of the wing's upwash, downwash and wingtip vortices

the closer to the ground the more magnitude of ground effect

Drag reduction of almost 40% will cause floating along the runway. If runway is short may run out of runway

May feel like the aircraft can takeoff well before takeoff speed due to the reduction in drag

taking off without enough speed results in

induced drag

marginal climb performace

can't fly at all

settle back down to the runway due to deficiency of speed

the airframe, engines, and fixed equipment in the aircraft

maximum allowable weight of both the airplane and its contents

weight of the pilot, co-pilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil

horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the center of gravity of the item

the product of the weight of an item mulitplied by its arm

expressed in pounds inches

the point about which an aircraft would balance if ti were possibel to suspend it at the point

expressed in inches from datum

imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken

established by manufacturer

weight x arm = moment

1. higher takeoff speed

2. longer takeoff run

3. reduce rate and angle of climb

4. lower maximum alititude

5. shorter range

6. reduced cruising speed

7. reduced maneuverability

8. higher stalling speed

9. higher landing speed

10. longer landing roll

11. excessive weight on the nosewheel

stalling angle of attack is reached at a higher speed due to increase wing loading

increase drag; greater angle of attack is required to maintain altitude

the center of gravity is farther forward from thecenter of pressure which increase longitudinal stability

longer takeoff roll, higher approach speeds and problesm with landing flare