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Medical ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves in the range between____and____?
2 and 15
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Which generation of ultrasound unit used a serioes of blips on a monitor for display?
A-mode
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Which generation of ultrasound unit introduced the gray scale?
B-mode
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What is meant by real time dynamic ultrasound?
allows for physicians and sonographers to view the anatomy during a scan
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Which type of ultrasound unit is used to examine the structure and behavior of flowing blood?
color flow doppler
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What major improvement was offered by the new high definition digital ultrasound systems?
higher resolution and low penetration *signific increase dynamic range-software with 3D and 4D images
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What is the purpose or function of the transducer?
converts energy from 1 form to another=electrical to sound
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Why is gell applied to the skin during an ultrasound exam?
gives easy movement and makes sure no air is trapped
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What is meant by the term echo?
sound waves that are reflected by internal structure back to the transducer by a tissue barrier
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What type of material creates the high frequency sound waves?
ceramic
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What physical principle is applied when the transducer produces a sound wave?
pie 20 electric effect
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what is the role of the sonographyer?
more tech dependent must know anatomy=produce diagnostic quality images
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what structures are commonly examined with ultrasound?
liver, gallbladder, heart, breast, eye, uterus, pancrease
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Name 2 barriers to ultrasound?
bone and air filled structure
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what is teh advantage of using ultrasound for studies of the muscoloskeletal system over MRI?
less expensive=shows real time
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What is meant by the term anechoic?
an anatomic structure or region of thebody that does not produce echos
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what causes internal echoes?
vascular and duct structure with it an organ
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How is ultrasound used as an adjunct to mammography?
differentiate between a cystic and solid mass
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What is color flow doppler used for?
measrue velocity of blood flow with in a vessel look at DVT of the leg
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T/F: ultrasound can be done as a primary education?
true
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Radiogarph examination of the mammary gland or breast is called?
mammography
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The american cancer society recommends that women age ____ and over should have a yearly screening mammogram?
40
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What is the incidence of breast cancer among american women?
1-8
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What is the name of the act whose purpose is to ensure hight quality mammography?
MQSA-mammo quality standards act
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the ideal kvp for mammo is between ___ and ___ kvp?
25 - 28
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Name the target material used in mammography tubes?
molybdenum
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How does a mammo mahcine make use of the anode heel effect?
strongest x-rays are at the chest wall
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List 2 functions of compression during mammography?
decrease thickness-less tech, less dose, less superimposition, better image
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the breast has____ inherent subject contrast?
low
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mammo relies on ___contrast film?
high
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_______is used to enlarge specific areas to see small lesions or microcalcifications?
magnification
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What are the 2 basic projections performed for screening mammograpms?
cranial caudal or MLO
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What type of pathology is best diagnosed with ultrasound of the breast
Cyst
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What positioning technique is used with implants?
eckland method- breast forward and implant back
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List 2 advantages of digital mammograpy over conventional film screen systems?
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List the risk factors for getting breast cancer. which of these carries the highest risk?
women, over 40, family history, late/early menstration
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Where are the majority of all breast cancers located within the breast?
upper outer quadrant
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why is radiation therapy used?
to reduce cancer
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What fraction of cancer patients will receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment?
2/3
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T/F: radiation therapy is considered painful?
F
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What are some acute side affects?
Hairloss, hearing problems. headaches
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What should you do after care of treatment?
rest, eat a balanced diet
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List and explain the 2 types of radiation treatment?
- brachytherapy-internal radiation therapy
- Telatherapy- external radiation therapy
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List teh 3 sources of external beam radiation
x-ray unit, cobalt 60 gamma ray unit, linear excellerator
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Which source is most commonly used today?
linear excellerator
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linear accelerators produce______ to treat shallow cancers and ____ to treat deep cancers?
electrons ; higer energy x-rays
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HOw is linear accelerator able to provde both types of treatment?
bc x-rays hit the target and produce electrons
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what is the purpose of radiation therapy simulation?
to get the exact treatment everytime
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What is a gamma knife?
used in surgey, high dose to one area of tumor in brain surgery
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Permanent brachytherapy is knows as_______.
seed implantation
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What are the side effets of radiation therapy?
nausea, hair loss in treament area, skin reddness.
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What is palliative radiation therapy?
when we know it wont cure but more to relieve symptoms
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Why would a patient be required to have radiation therapy after the tumor was removed?
to make sure there was no residual tumors.
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List the 4 members of radiation oncology team and their responsibilites?
- radiation oncologist
- medical radiatoin physicist
- dosimtrist
- radiation oncology nurse
- radiation therapist
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What additional qualifications are necessary for a radiologic technologist to become a radiation therapist?
you can be a RT first but you do not need to be.
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Cells responsible for new bone formation are called____ and cells that help break down old bone are called______?
osteoblast;osteoclast
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The purpose of bone densitometry is to ____________.
ascess bone mineral density to diagnose osteoporosis
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Central or axial analysis includes bone density measurements of the________and_________.
L spine and prox femur
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Peripheral site analysis includes bone density measuremtns of the____,____,____,____,or_____
wirst, finger, heel, forarm, or lower leg
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What is osteoporosis?
increase absorpton of bone= low bone mass
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who does osptoporosis primarily affect?
post menopausal women
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How is ostoporosis treated?
drugs (boniva, calcium substances, anti reabsorptive drugs
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what are the risk factors for osteoporosis
family history, premature menopaus, low physical activity, low calcium, smoking, drinking
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list 3 most common types of bone densitometry methods?
dexa, qct, q ultrasound
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what is the purpose of the dual energy x-ray source used to DXA scanning?
high and low x-ray energy to max attenuation differences in bone and soft tissue
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What area of anatomy is analyzed during a central/axial site DXA scan and what is patient positioning?
just like an AP L-spine internal rotation of femur 15 - 20 degrees
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what is the different between T score and Z score?
- T Score- compares young age healthy individuals most commonly 30 years old
- Z Score- age matched
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What are some patient conditions that affect the accuracy of the result of DXA scanning?
implant, prosthesis, anatomic malformations. spondilolisthesis, scoliosis, kyphosis
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