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Briefly define dysarthria:
A collective name for a group of neurologic speech disorders caused by disturbances in the CNS and PNS.
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What are the Cranial Nerves involved in motor speech disorders and apraxia of speech?
CN V (Trigeminal), CN VII (Facial), CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), CN X (Vagus), CN XI (Accessory/Spinal), and CN XII (Hypoglossal)
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What are the sensory and motor functions of CN V (Trigeminal)?
Sensation from the face; motor to masseters, palate, pharynx
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What are the sensory and motor functions of CN VII (Facial)?
Sensation from the anterior tongue; motor to the facial muscles
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What are the sensory and motor functions of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)?
Sensation from the posterior tongue, soft palate, pharynx; motor to pharynx
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What are the sensory and motor functions of CN X (Vagus)?
Sensation from viscera; motor to larynx, pharynx, viscera
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What are the sensory and motor functions of CN XI (Accessory/Spinal)?
Motor to larynx, chest, shoulder
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What are the sensory and motor functions of CN XII (Hypoglossal)?
Motor to tongue
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What are the six major types of dysarthria? What are the localizations and neuromotor symptoms of each?
- 1. FLACCID: LMN (FCP, motor unit), WEAKNESS
- 2. SPASTIC: Bilateral UMN (DAP, IAP), SPASTICITY
- 3. ATAXIC: Cerebellum (cerebellar control circuit), INCOORDINATION
- 4. HYPOKINETIC: Basal ganglia control circuit (extrapyramidal), RIGIDITY OR REDUCED RANGE OF MOVEMENT
- 5. HYPERKINETIC: Basal ganglia control circuit (extrapyramidal), ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS
- 6. MIXED: more than one (all possible combinations of single types), MORE THAN ONE (VARIOUS RELATIONSHIPS)
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The DAP originates in the _____________ travels as the __________________ tract(s) to control skilled movements carried via the FCP.
Cerebral cortex; corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts
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The IAP also originates in the _____________, then travels ____________________________________.
Cerebral cortex; to multiple points in the CNS, mostly in the brainstem
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The final destination of the DAP and the IAP is ___________________.
LMN (Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei)
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The IAP regulates what 3 things?
1. Provides a stable framework for skilled movements; 2. Maintains posture; 3. Maintains tone
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The two control circuits are the ____________ and _____________.
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar
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CSF stands for _____________ which is produced in the ___________ and enters the spinal cord via the _____________.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid; choroid plexus in the laterals; foramen magnum
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An example of a disorder of the CSF is ______________.
Hydrocephalus
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CPG stands for ___________________.
Central Pattern Generator
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An example of a disordered CPG is _________________.
Huntington�s disease
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The substantia nigra is anatomically a structure composed of which two parts?
Pars Compacta and Pars Reticulata
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In Parkinson�s disease the substantia nigra produces insufficient amounts of the neurotransmitter, ________________.
Dopamine
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An example of a disease of the basal ganglia is _________________.
Wilson�s disease
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Histologically, the reticular formation is unlike other nuclei in that it is ____________________________.
It is a loosely knit scattering of cells
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What are the Six pathways of the reticular formation?
- 1. Corticoreticulospinal Tract
- 2. Corticoreticular tract
- 3. Reticulospinal tract
- 4. Reticulobulbar tract
- 5. Reticulothalamic tract
- 6. Spinoreticular tract
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What is Decorticate?
Abnormal flexion; the upper extremities are rigidly flexed at the elbows and at the wrists and the legs are extended
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What is Decerebrate?
Extension posturing; increased excitation of upper and lower extremities
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Each cerebellar hemisphere is connected CONTRA/IPSI- laterally to the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere?
Contralaterally
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Each cerebellar hemisphere controls movements on the CONTRA/IPSI-lateral side?
Ipsilateral side
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The sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex comprise the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex, they synapse deep inside the cerebellum, and are called INTRAFUSAL/BASAL GANGLIA/PURKINJE cells?
Purkinje cells
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Of the deep cerebellar nuclei, the one most important for speech control does so by actively initiating movement, executing preplanned motor tasks, and regulating posture. This nucleus is the FLOCCULUS/GLOBUS/DENTATE?
Dentate
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