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The study of how living organisms use energy to perform the activities of life.
Bioenergetics
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What is a calorie?
The amount of energy required to rise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree C.
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These are organisms that can synthesize their own nutrients, such as plants.
Autotrophs
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These are organisms that derive energy from chemicals.
Chemoautotrophs
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Energy that is transformed from stored to mobile form so work can be accomplished.
Kinetic
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Energy that is stored energy available for work.
Potential
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Energy being used for work.
Kinetic
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What does the first law of Thermodynamics (law of conservation) state?
- Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another
- The total energy in the universe remains constant
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What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
Energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction results in increased entropy and some useable energy is lost to the surroundings
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What are the pathways involved in energy conversions are called?
Metabolic pathways
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What are the two types of metabolic pathways?
Anabolism
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What metabolic pathway uses energy?
Synthesis, anabolism
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What metabolic pathway releases energy?
Degradation, catabolic
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A reaction that releases energy is exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
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What is the energy currency.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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Is the breaking of the chemical bonds in ATP to ADP and AMP endergonic or exergonic?
Exergonic
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How many calories are released as ATP is converted to ADP? ATP to AMP?
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T or F? AMP is a high energy molecule.
False
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What type of efficient reaction is found throughout the body?
Coupled reactions
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What is a coupled reaction?
When a reaction needs energy and while another releases energy.
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A form of direct energy.
ATP
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Two forms of indirect energy.
- NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen)
- FADH2 (flavin adenine�)
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T or F? Indirect energy (NADH, FADH2) is a source of backup energy.
True
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Why is indirect energy used as a backup source of energy?
It has to travel to the mitochondria before supplying energy.
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What controls metabolism?
Controlling or rate limiting enzyme
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The minimal amount of energy required to maintain a basal level of bodily function is known as what?
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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What is the BMR for males? Females?
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BMR increases with anabolic status and what?
Activity
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Is there a higher BMR is lean or fat tissue?
Lean
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What is the main hormone that regulates BMR?
Thyroid hormone
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What is the active form of thyroid hormone?
Thyroxin (T4)
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What organs generate the most heat when the body is at rest?
Liver, heart, brain, and endocrine
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What is the range of body temperature?
35.8 to 38.2 C
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What is the main thermoregulator?
Hypothalamus
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Which is higher, core temp or shell temp?
Core
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Name 7 heat promoting mechanisms.
- Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels
- Shivering
- Increase in metabolic rate (epinephrine, norepinephrine by medulla)
- Increase thyroxine (increase metabolic rate)
- Hot fluids
- Changing posture
- Increase physical activity
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Name 4 heat loss mechanisms.
- Dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
- Enhanced sweating
- Seeking a cooler environment
- Wearing light-colored clothes
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What are 2 mechanisms of ATP synthesis?
- Substrate level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
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What type of phosphorylation is more complicated and takes place in the mitochondria cristae?
Oxidative
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What type of phosphorylation involves aerobic respiration and provides more energy?
Oxidative
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What type of phosphorylation can take place anywhere in a cell?
Substrate level
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What type of phosphorylation involves glycolysis and citric acid pathways?
Oxidative
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Most carbohydrates are derived from what?
Carbohydrates
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Polysaccharide starch that is found in grains and vegetables provide this.
Fiber
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T or F? Carbohydrates are used as fuels by body cells to produce ATP.
True
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Complex carb/carb intake should be what percent of one�s total calorie intake to maintain health?
45 to 65
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Through what 2 processes are carbs broken down by the body?
- Glycolysis, then
- Krebs cycle
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
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What is a byproduct of the Krebs cycle?
CO2
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What are the most abundant dietary lipids?
Triglycerides or neutral fats
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What are the two types of fats?
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Which fat is present in animal products, tropical plant products, and hydrogenated oils.
Saturated fats
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What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated are easier to metabolize
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These fats are present in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils.
Unsaturated fats
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This is important in plasma membranes, synthesis of bile salts, steroid hormones, and sex hormones.
Cholesterol
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What are 4 major sources of cholesterol?
- Egg yolk
- Meats
- Shellfish
- Milk products
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What are 3 functions of fatty deposits in adipose tissue?
- Protection
- Insulation
- Storage (concentrated source of fuel)
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What is the body�s most concentrated source of energy?
Fat (9 kcal vs. 4 kcal per gram or carb or protein)
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What products contain the highest quality proteins?
Animal products
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What are 3 other sources of protein other than meat?
- Legumes
- Nuts
- Cereals
- Leafy greens
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Leafy greens are well balanced in what?
All essential amino acids except methionine (not available to vegetarians)
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T or F? Essential amino acids are those that the body can synthesize.
False
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T or F? All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in a cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts.
True
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For optimal protein synthesis, the diet must supply sufficient what?
Carb or fat calories for ATP production
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T or F? In healthy adults, the rate protein synthesis is higher than the rate of protein breakdown and loss.
False (nitrogen balance)
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These can accelerate protein synthesis and growth.
Hormones
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What is the recommended daily intake of proteins?
0.8 g per kg of body weight
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After proteins are metabolized in the liver, what is the byproduct?
Ammonia
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In the liver, what happens to ammonia that makes it able to circulate in the blood without affecting the brain?
It is converted to urea
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Urea is removed from the blood stream by this organ before being expelled in urine.
Kidneys
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T or F? Urea level in the urine is directly affected by protein intake.
True
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Vitamins function as these, which act with an enzyme to speed up a chemical reaction.
Coenzymes
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T or F? Most vitamins are made in the body.
False. Most are acquired from diet or supplements.
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This water soluble vitamin prevents the skin disease beri beri. What is it and where is it found?
- Thiamin (B1)
- Rice kernel, enriched breads
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Folic acid (B2) and riboflavin are important for what?
Spinal cord closure, prevents spina bifida
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This B complex is an antioxidant, which reduces free radicals.
Niacin (B3)
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What B complex is needed for phosphorylation?
Pyridoxine (B6)
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What vitamin promotes enzyme activity?
Biotin (B7)/Vitamin H
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What B complex is needed for blood formation preventing anemia and promoting weight loss?
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
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What vitamin is important to the immune system and is an antioxidant?
Vitamin C/ascorbic acid
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What vitamin is associated to scurvy?
Vitamin C
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What fat soluble vitamin is found in highly pigmented vegetables?
A
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Where is vitamin D found?
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Where is vitamin E found?
Vegetable seed oils
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Where is vitamin K found?
Synthesized in the intestines by bacteria
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Lack of vitamin A can cause this.
Night blindness
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What vitamin is involved with calcium and phosphorus absorption (bone strength)?
D
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A lack of vitamin D is responsible for what 2 diseases?
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This vitamin helps protect us from UV radiation and is an antioxidant.
E
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Vitamin K is important for what process?
Blood clotting
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What 3 minerals promote healthy bones and teeth?
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Magnesium
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This mineral is important for healthy bones and teeth, as well as regulation of muscle and nerve function.
Calcium
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What mineral is necessary for healthy bones and teeth as well as ATP and nucleic acids?
Phosphorus
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What 2 minerals are needed to maintain fluid balance and nerve and muscle function?
Sodium
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This mineral is necessary for electrolyte balance.
Chloride
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What is the difference between required minerals and trace minerals?
We use more than 100 mg or required minerals daily and less than 100 mg a day of trace.
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