-
Why do Australians travel abroad?
- Seeking more diverse destinations
- Growing preference for independent travel
- Greater interest in interacting with hosts
-
What is culture?
What are the three themes in defining culture?
- Culture as whole way of life
- Concern with rules of behaviour
- Concern with artefacts/products produced
-
Culture Shock
What is culture shock? What are some situations in which this can occur?
The difficulties of operating in a foreign culture
- - individual immersed in unfamiliar culture
- - loss of familiar cues/signals
- - feelings of cofusion, anxiousness, bewilderment
-
Culture Shock
Causes of culture shock?
- Physical environment
- Orientation issues
- Communication issues
- Differing routines
- Daily Hassles
-
Culture Shock
What can culture shock result in from a tourism perspective?
- decreased visitor satisfaction
- intolerance towards hosts (guests)
- in extreme cases, agression
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
Differences in Customs and Behaviours
- formality
- social customs
- styles of dress
- language
- non-verbal communication
- conflict styles
- gender roles
- time (monochronic v polychronic)
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
How do australians view themselves?
- informal, friendly, casual
- egalitarian
- direct, no-nonsense attitude
- relaxed
- innovative
- individualistic, progressive
- open
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
How do some foreigners view australians?
- undisciplined, too personal
- insensitive to status
- blunt, rude
- lazy
- opportunistic
- self-absorbed
- weak, untrustworthy
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
Asian Culture communication styles:
- Indirect
- implicit, non-verbal
- formal
- goal oriented
- emotionally controlled
- self affecing, modest
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
Australian Culture communication styles:
- Direct
- Explicit, Verbal
- Informal
- Spontaneous
- Emotionally Expressive
- Self-Promoting, Egocentric
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
Hofstedes Cross-Cultural Dimensions:
- Power Distance
- Individualistic v Collectivist
- Uncertainty avoidance v Uncertainty tolerance
- Masculine v Feminine
- Long term v Short term Orientation
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
Hall's Cultural context continuum: High Context
- Identification: Group
- Sensory involvement: High (low personal space, high contact/touch behaviour)
- Messages: Implicit (embedded in social context, ritual, relationships)
- Time sense/chronicity: Polychronic (miltiple times, time is circular, multiple events occur simultaneously)
-
Cross-Cultural Diversity
Hall's Cultural context continuum: Low Context
- Identification: Individual
- Sensory involvement: Low (high personal space, low contact/touch behaviour)
- Messages: Explicit (words carry most information)
- Time sense/chronicity: Monochronic (one time only, time is linear, punctuality/scheduling/planning)
-
Cross-Cultural Challenges
What are the six levels of the Layered Approach?
- 1. Verbal & Non verbal behaviour
- 2. Speech acts / Forms of address
- 3. Episodes / Sequences of behaviour
- 4. Nature of social bonds
- 5. Life scripting
- 6. Cultural patterns
-
Cross-Cultural Challenges
Problems of language:
- Lack of language equivalency
- - no such word
- - no need for the word
- - no equivalent grammatical form
- Difficulties in using English
- - multiple meanings of words
- - culturally derived words
- - two-word verbs
-
Cross-Cultural Solutions
Cross cultural conflicts can be reduced through:
Information training to both visitors and hosts
- - guide books
- - cross cultural assimilator
- - social skills training
-
Developing cross-cultural skills
Tips for tourists engaging in cross cultural interaction
- Educate yourself about differences
- Practice effective communication skills
- Avoid forming an opinion based on dress, mannerisms, accent or eye contact
-
Developing Cross-Cultural Skills
Tips for leisure and tourism providers
- Offer language training to employees
- Encourage employees to accept overseas work assignments
- Provide before and after transition counseling to employees and families with overseas work assignments
- Provide sensitivity training to help employees learn about cross-cultural differences
- Examine employment practices to ensure that the company is not discriminating against anyone
|
|
