456

• Fluids within cells
• 42% of body fat
• 2/3 body water

• Fluid outside of cell
• 17% of body weight
• Interstital
• Intravascular
• Transcellular

An element or compound that, when dissolved or dissociated in water or solvent, separates into ions that are electrically charged

Atoms or groups of atoms that have acquired an electrical charge through the gain or loss of an electron or electrons

Positively charged atoms

• Sodium Na⁺
• Calcium Ca⁺
• PotassiumK⁺
• Magnesium Mg⁺

Negatively charged atoms

• Chloride Cl^-
• Bocarbonate HCO^-₃
• Phosphate PO₄^3-

Movement of a pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Process by which water and diffusible substances move together in response to fluid pressure

Movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible

Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts more osmotic pressure

Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure

Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure

Total influence of a protein on the osmotic activity of plasma water

Osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmols or milliosmols per liter of the solution

Water loss that occurs though excess perspiration

Loss of fluid from the body by evaporation, such as that which normally occurs during respiration

• Dextrose and water solutions
• Saline solution
• Dextrose and saline
• Multiple electrolyte solutions

Substance dissolved in a solution

Any liquid in which another substance can be dissolved

Decreased circulatory blood volume resulting from extracellular fluid losses

Receptor that is sensitive to fluid concentration in the blood plasma and that regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone

State of relative constancy in the internal environment of the body, maintained naturally by physiological adaptive mechanisms

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanisem (RAAS)

3.5-5

135-145

8.5-10.5

1.5-2.5

95-105

• arterial 22-26
• venous 24-30

2.8-4.5

Substance or group of substances that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance

An increase of hydrogen ions producing a lower pH

A decrease of hydrogen ions producing a higher pH

• lungs
• kidney

• Increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration
• excess carbonic acid
• Increased hydrogen ion concentration
• pH less the 7.35

• Decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration
• Decreased hydrogen ion concentration
• pH greater than 7.45

high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate

significant loss of acid from the body or by increased levels of bicarbonate

Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions

• Diuretics
• Steroids
• Potassium supplements
• Anibiotics
• Tums
• Milk of magnesia
• NSAIDS

Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte therapy

Blood and blood components

Technique in which a vein is punctured transcutaneously by a sharp, rigid stylet or by a needle attached to a syringe

Inflammation of a vein