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The respiratory system is divided into ___ tracts, what are they
- 2
- Upper respiratory
- Lower respiratory
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Upper respiratory tract is located where?
Outside the thorax
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Upper respiratory tract consist of?
- Nose
- Pharynx(throat)
- Larynx(voice box)
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Lower respiratory tract is where?
In the thorax
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Lower respiratory tract consists of?
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What are associated structures of the respiratory tract?
- They are required for respiration, but not specifically part of the tract.
- Mouth
- rib cage
- diaphram
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pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
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internal nares open into the ______?
nasal vestibules
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Nasal vestibules are divided by______?
Nasal septum
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Where is nasal hair located?
The proximal portion of the nasal septum
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The lateral wall of the vestibule is folded into 3 ridges called?
Conchae
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Conchae cause?
Turbulence
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turbulence aids in the mucous membranes of the nose to?
- Clean the air
- Warm
- Moisten
- Enhance the ability of smell
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What is just below the cricoid cartilage?
Trachea
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sinuses that communicate with the nasal cavity?
- maxillary
- frontal
- sphenoidal
- ethmoidal
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What is found in the roof of the nasal cavity?
The olfactory region
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pharynx is divided into?
- Nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laringopharynx
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nasopharynx
- posterior to the nasal vestibule.
- extends the length of the soft palate
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oropharynx
from the palate to the hyoid bone
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laryngopharynx
- hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage.
- includes the larynx
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Larynx is composed of?
- 4 hyaline cartilages:
- Thyroid
- cricoid
- epiglottic
- arytenoid
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thyroid cartilage
- adam's apple
- largest
- contains vocal cords and is open in the back
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cricoid cartilage
- below the thyroid
- narrower anteriorly than posteriorly
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epiglottic cartilage
flap like that closes the tracheal opening during swallowing
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arytenoid cartilage
2 triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage posterior to the thyroid cartilage
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the 2 vocal cords?
- True- mucous membrane strands
- False- membraneous wings
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glottis
opening to trachea
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phonation involves the use of?
Vocal cords, pharynx, nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, tongue, teeth, & lips
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trachea is where?
anterior to the esophagus
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Trachea is composed of?
horse shoe shaped rings that open dorsally
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What closes the gap in the horse shoe of the trachea
Elastic and smooth muscle tissue
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Trachea is lined with
- ciliated columnar- motion directed upward and outward
- goblet (mucous) cells
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The bifurcation of the trachea?
Carina
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Primary bronchi
Main stem
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Food usually get trapped where?
right bronchus- because it is larger and less angled than the left.
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The ____extends beneath and through the Aortic arch?
Left primary bronchus
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Aspirated food can be removed by the?
Heimlich Maneuver
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Pimary bronchi branch into_____which branch into_____then into______
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
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AT the ____level the cartilage rings are replaced by smooth muscle?
bronchiole level
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bronchiole branch into
terminal bronchioles
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What does the repiratory system look like
a tree
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What are the 2 cone shaped organs that fill the pleural portions of the thoracic cavity?
Lungs
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lungs are separated by
mediastinum
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2 layers of the pleural membrane
- outermost- parietal layer
- Innermost- Visceral
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What are the two layers of the pleural membrane separated by
A paper thin pleural cavity which contains pleural fluid
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Inflamation of the Pleural cavity
Pleurisy
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cupula extends where?
2cm above the clavicle
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Base of lung rests on
Diaphram
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Hilus
opening in the mediastinum for the bronchi, blood and lymph vessels and nerves
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left lung is slightly___than the right? Why?
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Left lung has __lobes?
Right?
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lobes of the lungs
(only the right has the middle)
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Space in lung that the heart occupies?
Cardiac notch
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Each lobe of the lung is divided into__1__?
Inside each__1__ are numerous __2__
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What forms the terminus of air in the lungs?
Alveolus
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___produces surfactant
Alveoli
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Surfactant
substance that reduces surface tension and prevent the alveoli from sticking together.
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Alveoli are supplied with?
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Phagocytic cells in alveoli?
Alveolar macraphages (dust cells)
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___determines the degree to which o2 binds to hemoglobin
Saturation
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Hemoglobin saturation of 100% is
4 O2 molecules
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Molecular attraction
affinity
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diffusion moves from __concentration, to __concentration
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pulmonary (external) respiration
partial pressure of O2 is higher than that of co2 and the o2 rapidly diffuses into the Heme portion of the blood. (Haldane effect)
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Tissue (internal) respiration
partial pressure of CO2 is higher than that of O2 and the CO2 rapidly diffuses into the globin (Bohr effect)
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oxygen dissociation curve
demonstrates the transition of partial pressure of oxygen levels between tissues, veins, and arteries at sea level.
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When the partial pressure of o2 is high
hemoglobin binds with large amounts of o2 and is almost fully saturated
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pO2 is between 60-100mm hg
90% saturated with O2
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pO2 is 40 mm hg
75% saturated with O2
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pO2 is 20 mm hg
35% saturation of O2
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The amount of O2 released from the body varies with?
Body temp
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Hyperthermia
- Fever, bodies metabolic activity intensifies 7% for each degree celsius of temp increase
- Stimulates the release of O2 from hemoglobin
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Hypothermia
- Cold, causes metabolic slowdown
- more O2 remains bound to hemoglobin
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Inhale (pressure gradient)
Exhale
- Less than that of atmosphere
- Greater ""
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boyles law
volume of gas varies inversly with pressure
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Diaphram
skeletal muscle that contracts when we breath in causing the thoracic cavity to increase
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External intercostals
contract pulling the thorax upward and sternum outward, help further increase the thoracic volume
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Passive expiration-
Does not involve muscle contraction
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Active expiration
- deliberate expulsion of air from lungs
- involves: internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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respiration per minute?
12
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baroreceptors
monitor partial pressure of gas
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chemoreceptors
sensitive to changes in hydrogen ions, CO2, and O2 concentrations
(heart, great veins, arteries)
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Spirometer(spirograph)
machine used for measuring volume of the lungs
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spirogram
record from spirograph
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amount of air that passes in and out of each lung in a normal respiration?
Tidal volume
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Additional air that can be inspired above the tidal volume?
Additional air that can be expired below the tidal volume
- inspiratory reserve volume
- expiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air always in the lungs
residual volume
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Amount of air that a person can pull into the lungs beyond that in the lungs at the beginning of the breath?
(tidal + inspiratory reserve)
Inspiratory capacity
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sum of the residual volume plus expiratory reserve
functional residual capacity
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inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
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all volumes of lung capacity
Total lung capacity
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Ease with which the lungs thoracic wall can be expanded?
Compliance
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Smokers cough
Caused by defoliation of the cilia in the respiratory tree
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Emphysema (COPD)
gradual destruction of the alveolar tissue and replacement with scar tissue
Decreases compliance
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Cancer that affects the respirator tree is almost always___related
tobacco
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inflamation of the bronchial tubes
bronchitis
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infection and the filling of alveoli with fluids
Pneumonia
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bacterial infection of the pleurae and lungs produced by a micobacterium
TB
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lack of surfactant in a new borns lung
Respiratory distress syndrome of a new born
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a clot carried to the lungs that blocks off circulation
pulmonary embolism
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