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_______ _________ - characteristic structure of motility found in spirochetes
axial filaments
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Other bacteria, such as Spirochetes, have a specialized type of flagellum called an "________ _____" that is located in the periplasmic space, the rotation of which causes the entire bacterium to move forward in a corkscrew-like motion
axial filament
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A ________ is a tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and functions in locomotion.
A flagellum
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An ________ is not a reproductive structure but rather a resistant, dormant survival form of the organism
_endospore
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_________:Resistant, dormant survival spores produced by several genera of bacteria.
_ENDOSPORES
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_________ produced by the genus Bacillus, the genus Clostridium, and several other genera of bacteria including Desulfotomaculum, Sporosarcina, Sporolactobacillus, Oscillospira, and Thermoactinomyces.
endospores
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_________ are quite resistant to high temperatures
(including boiling), most disinfectants, low energy radiation, drying, etc.
_Endospores
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Bacillus species are obligate aerobes (def)
that live in soil while Clostridium species are obligate anaerobes (OBLIGATE ANAEROBE:Grows only in the absence of oxygen.) often found as normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract in animals.
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bacteria form ______ endospore per cell, thus not a means of reproduction.
1
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_________ are external viscous structure found on the surface of baceria consisting of a sticky glycocalyx (polysaccharides) coating.
capsules
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___________-An extensive bacterial glycocalyx that remains attached to the cell wall. May enable the
bacterium to adhere to environmental surfaces and/or resist phagocytic engulfment.
CAPSULE
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_________used as protection layer agains water and nutrient loss
capsules
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capslus __________ bacterial adherence to surfaces such as certain streptococci that cause dental plague, the slime layer allows them to stick to teeth
enhance
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resistant to spores is due to thick _________ layer forming outside the membrane
protein
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high concentration of _______ ion and and mycolic acid of endospores.
Ca
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2. Name 2 pathogenic acid-fast bacteria and
state the infection each causes.
note :nocardia cause lung and skin infections
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
- Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
- nocardia cause lung and skin infections
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__________:A tubular protein structure extending from a bacterial surface used for attachment to environmental surfaces or cells.
PILUS:(pilli)
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There are two basic types of pili:
short attachment pili, also known as ________, that are usually quite numerous .
2) long conjugation pili, that are very few in number.
fimbriae
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several gram negative bacteria have many tiny hair like structure called ________. they are used for ___________ rather then for movement.
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______ are similar to fimbriae but each bacterium hs normally one or two, and there are many type of pilli.
pili
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__________ pili is used as DNA tranfer tubes from one bacteruim to another suhc as antibiotic resistance genes, these are sometimes known as sex pili.
conjugation
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___________ pili, these are used by the bacterium to adhere to surfaces. these contribute to pathogenecity of bacteria by enhancing colonization on surfaces.
Attachment
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bacterial such as the genera clostrida and bacillus form ________ when nutrients are depleted in the enviroment
endospores
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_______ bacteria are difficult to see with light microscope because of poor contrast.
unstained
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the advantage of using _________ sample is that they are viable and one can study morphology and motility.
unstained
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the disadvantages are the preparations are short term and poor contrast in bright field microscopy with _________samples.
unstained
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________ bacteria helps with poor contrast. these are easy to see.
gram staning.
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disadvantage of staning is
the bacteria is : _____
their morphology is _______
and there is no _________
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