Paeds

• Oesophagitis
• Malnutrition
• Chronic Respiratory Infections - pneumonia, apnoea, vagal nerve mediated bradycardia
• Failure to thrive

No - well fed babies

• Raise bed slightly - but not seated
• Lay infant prone while awake
• Smaller more frequent meals
• Mother avoids acids and caffeine
• Thicken feeds with rice cereal

• Refer
• Chiropractic
• Advice

• Non-complicated colic - none
• Complicated Colic:
• Protein intolerance & Allergy
• CHO intolerance
• GORD
• Pyloric stenosis
• Intussusception

Clenched fists, knees and flexed hips, flushed face and often kicks legs

Child has feeding difficulty or discomfort in recumbent position appearing distressed and in pain.

Also discomfort in the seated position

>3 hrs crying per day for >3 days per week for >3 weeks

• Onset: 2-4 weeks
• Abates: 3-4 months

• Windy or chucky
• Child appears distressed
• Characteristic posture
• Predictable crying episodes - same time of day
• Intense or unconsolable crying

• Otitis media
• UTI
• Reflux
• Increased ICP

• Avoid overstimulation of the infant. Keep room temperature warm, avoid excessive handling. Other helpful tips for the parents include
• –swaddling
• –cuddling
• –rhythmic rocking
• –going for a walk or ride
• –warm baths
• –singing
• –rhythmic sounds
• –massages (gentle)
• –using a dummy
• –Being cuddled in a snuggly
• –swing
• –Of course, chiropractic

• Frequent Vomiting – Often curdled milk appearance, may also have mucus appearance, esp. with concurrent infection
• Child often has feeding difficulty or discomfort in recumbent position, appearing distressed and in pain

Sandifer syndrome involves spasmodic torsional dystonia with arching of the back and rigid opisthotonic posturing, mainly involving the neck, back, and upper extremities, associated with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, esophagitis, or the presence of hiatal hernia

Seizures

• Dysfunction of the lower esophagus is thought to be the most common precipitating factor. In some children, a cause cannot be found.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with varying degrees of esophageal inflammation
• Dysmotility of the esophagus: Esophageal dysmotility, characterized by low-amplitude waves, lack of normal propagation, and low lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, is not the cause but most likely the consequence of esophagitis.

• 1) Oligoarthritis (Pauciarticular)
• 2) Polyarthritis
• 3) Systemic onset disease

• Initial Sx:
• –Morning stiffnes
• –Ease of fatigue
• Joint pain later in day
• Joint swelling
• Involved joint:
• warm
• lacks full ROM
• Occasionally painful on motion

• Chronic arthritis involving few joints
• MC the large weight bearing joints
• Usually the knee
• Asymmetrical
• Ofter hot swollen joint, limp worse in am
• Chronic inflam can lead to premature epiphyseal closure, LLD

• Polyarticular
• Affects >5 joints
• Both large and small joints involved
• ADI instability
• Low grade fever, fatigue, rheumatoid nodules and anaemia

• Joint involvement plus fever, rash, lymphadenopathy
• Fever of at least 2 weeks duration
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Salmon macular rash

• Ass. with recent, prior or co-existing extra-articular infection
• HLA-B27
• Extra-articular findings: conjunctivitis, urethritis
• sausage digit
• heel pain
• LBP

• Benign nocturnal limb pain
• Pain usually knee, calf and shin
• Often pm
• No inflam

Heat, massage, Ca, Mg, chiropractic, paracetamol, exercise

• 1) Constitutional: wt loss, fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia
• 2) Jt pain: non deforming arthritis, often symmetrical, tenderness, swelling, effusion of 2 or more peripheral jts
• 3) Skin: malar butterfly rash (spare nasolabial folds), purpura, alopecia, skin photosensitivity to sunlight, Raynaud’s phenomenon
• 4) Polyserositis: pleurisy, peritonitis, pericarditis
• 5) GI: hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
• 6) Renal: renal complications leading cause of death of pt w/ SLE. Nephritis, nephrosis, uremia, hypertension
• 7) CNS: seizures, coma, chorea, focal neuropathies, hemiplegia, psychosis.
• Morbidity in children mostly related to degree of renal involvement.

• Small vessel vasculitis
• Crops of palpable purpura, mostly legs and buttocks
• Abdominal pain and melaena may precede rash, vasculitis can happen in GI tract
• Nephritis fever, fatigue
• Large jt migratory arthritis

Varicella Zoster Virus

• Begins as fever, malaise, headache (1-2 days)
• Macules and papules on face and trunk, may occur in scalp, nose, mouth, vagina, conjunctiva
• Progress to painful and itchy vesicular lesions/ pustules, targeting mainly trunk & face

• To relieve itching and improve comfort:
• Rest
• Fluids
• Paracetamol
• Pintarsol, Topical agents
• If severe, antivirals
• Antibiotics if infection
• Keep nails trimmed

• Secondary Bacterial Infection: Stph, Group A Strep: imetigo, cellulitis, fascitis, scarlet fever, sepsis
• Encephalitis
• Reye’s syndrome (using salicylates)
• Pneumonia
• Can be life threatening in immunosuppressed
• If occurs during first 20 weeks of pregnancy, may cause congenital infection
• Rare: optic neuritis, orchitis, trabnsverse myelitis, arthritis

• Fever can spike, simply monitor
• Prodrome of fever, cough, conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, coryza
• “Characteristic dry cough and red eyes”
• photophobia
• 2-3 days later Koplik spots appear on buccal mucosa (white macules). These are pathognomic for measles, yet they may be absent
• Following this is a maculopapular rash, affecting face/trunk/limbs, fever peaks

IgM antibody is present in serum, lymphopenia, leukopenia

• Complications: occur in 15% of patients.
• –bacterial superinfections of lung, middle ear, sinus and cervical nodes
• Bronchospasm, croup
• Bronchiololitis
• Pneumonia
• Encephalitis (1 in 2000 cases)
• SSPE (1 in 100,000 previously infected)

• Rest
• Recovery generally occurs 7-10 days after onset
• Fluids
• Eye care, cough relief
• Fever reduction (not salicylates) Paracetomol
• Tx for secondary bacterial infxn

German measles

• Maculopapular rash, beginning on face to body
• Generally a mild disease, complications rare
• Fever is mild
• Malaiseà Lymphadenopathy-Cold, Conjunctivitis - Rash
• Few systemic Sx

• Congenital infection:
• Retarded growth, development
• Cataracts, retinopathy, glaucoma
• Deafness
• Jaundice in neonate, and purpuric rash
• Congenital heart defect (PDA, VSD, Pulmonary a. stenosis)
• Chronic encephalitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, immune disorders, malabsorption, diabetes.
• Arthralgia/Arthritis
• Encephalitis

• Rest
• Fluids
• Paracetamol
• Symptomatic therapy
• Anti-inflammatory for arthritis
• Px good for children and adults
• Poor Px for congenitally affected infants

• Mononucleosis (MONO)
• Epstein-Barr virus

• Prolonged fever, diarrhea, tonsillitis, pharyngitis (exudative), OM, pneumonia, lymphandenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
• Atypical lymphocytes

• Splenic rupture
• Anemia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Neutropenia
• Encephalitis
• Meningitis
• Bell’s palsy
• Guillan Barre Syndrome
• Atypical pneumonia
• Myocarditis
• Pericarditis
• Chronic EBV

• Haem. influenzae B, (esp under 5 years)
• N. meningitidisStrep. Pneumoniae, group B strep in neonate
• Enterovirus, Herpes Virus

• Recent history of otitis media or URTI
• Temperature above 38.5, commonly above 38.8
• Systemically ill, fever, headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, confusion, arthralgia, seizures
• Rash develops truck and extensor surfaces

• Abnormal electrolyte and H20 balance from low or high ADH production
• Seizures
• Cerebral edema
• Increased ICP
• Mental retardation
• Severe behavioural disorders
• Hydrocephalus
• Focal deficits, hearing loss, visual impairments

• Fever
• Hypothermia
• Jaundice
• Poor feeding
• Irritability
• Vomiting
• Failure to Thrive
• Sepsis
• Strong smelling urine, cloudy

Bordetella pertussis

• Afebrile or Low-grade fever, barking cough, inspiratory stridor
• Following an URTI
• Usually autumn and winter
• Can lead to airway obstruction
• Older children Mycoplasma Pneumoniae,
• Leads to hypoxia and weakness, increased pulse rate
• May observe nasal flaring and retracted sternocostal margins

• Mild croup (no stridor) = rest, steroids
• Mod and Severe (stridor at rest) = hospital / ICU, steroids, O2, nebulized epinephrine

• Follows 1 week URTI
• Can lead to hypoxemia
• >60 breaths/min – Urgent hospital.
• Fever, nasal drip, cough, dyspnea ,expiratory wheezes and crackles, hyperinflated chest, laboured breathing, hypoxia
• Irritability, poor feeding, vomitting
• Wheezing and crackles on auscultation

• Prevention is by proper hand washing
• Can be managed in outpatient, but some require hospitalization (especially young infants)
• Adequate fluids for hydration
• Supplemental 02
• Sometimes use of bronchodilators and steroids

• trauma
• UTI
• discitis
• tumours
• infections

Flexion of the spine

Disc space narrowing

Immobilisation and antibiotics

• IV antibiotics
• Oral antibiotics
• Limb immobilization: reduce spreading of infxn via lymphatic channels, pain reduction
• Surgical drainage if pus in bone
• Px: dependent on length until diagnosed, late detection (7-10days) bone structure loss, growth abnormality

Leukaemia ALL

Aspirin

A disorder affecting neural connections and pathways, leading to problems with fouc attention, and/or behaviour

• 1. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
• 2. Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected
• 3. Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents and adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)
• 4. Often has difficulty quietly playing or engaging in leisure activities
• 5. Often on the go or often acts as if driven by a motor
• 6. Often talks excessively
• 7. Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed
• 8. Often has difficulty awaiting turn
• 9. Often interrupts or intrudes on others (eg, butts into conversations or games)

• 1.Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities
• 2.Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
• 3.Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
• 4.Often does not follow through with instructions and often fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)
• 5.Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
• 6.Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (eg, schoolwork, homework); often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (eg, school assignments, pencils, books, tools, toys)
• 7.Often is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (eg, toys, school assignments, pencils, books, tools)
• 8.Often is forgetful in daily activities

• Behavioural modification, psychology, counselling
• Meds: Ritalin, Dexamphetamine
• Avoiding food additives, colours, caffeine, evidence for other dietary modification
• Chiropractic!

• Nervousness, insomnia
• Hypersensitivity (skin), anorexia, nausea, dizziness, blood pressure and pulse changes, both up and down, tachycardia, angina, cardiac arrhythmia, abdominal, weight loss during prolonged therapy.

• Increases heart rate
• Increases blood pressure
• Very important if child has congenital heart disease or arrhythmias with pre-disposition for cardiac arrest
• ECG suggested as some conditions may not be detected on routine physical examination
• ECG will be likely to detect cardiac conditions

a category of neurological disorders characterized by "severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development," including social interaction and communications skills (DSM-IV-TR).

Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Rett's Disorder, and PDD-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS).