Anthro Exam 2

Fredrick Blumenback

Caucasian African Asian Native American

• Cultures evolve from lower forms to higher forms
• Savagery-Barbarism-Civilization

• Tried to understand the difference of being born in different places
• Used European immigrants measured heads

Discovered that race only accounted for only 5-10% of genetic diversity

A gradual change in some phenotypical characteristic from one population to the next

• Prenatal
• Natal
• Adult

9 months split into 3 trimesters

Neonatal 1 month. Infancy goes to 3 years. Childhood 3-7. Juvenile puberty. Adolescence 5-10 years after puberty

Long bones

Aging and Senescence, biological process characterized by a reduction in homeostasis

Lots of food need a division of labor

Natural Selection/mutations

Body adapts to birth enviroment

Adjusting to enviroments

Clothing and shelter

Heat adapted mammals will have a higher surface area

Heat adapted animals have longer limbs

How close the person lives to the equator

To synthesize DNA

When an animal is unable to breathe in adequate oxygen

Pima and Tohono O'odham tribes have it. It means they have trouble with fat and now 50% have diabetes

• Mammals. Arboreal Adaptation. Dietary Plasticity. Parental Involvement
• Powerful grips and opposable thumbs

• Enhanced touch and vision
• Reduced sense of smell and hearing.
• Dietary plasticity

2/1/2/3

2/1/3/3

False

Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers and Galagos

All monkeys and apes

Tropical or Semi Tropical Regions

Quadrapedal. Brachiation or Semi Brachiation

Madagascar + other coastal islands

India Sri Lanka S.E Asia and Africa

Sub Saharan Africa

Islands in S.E Asia

New world flat nose monkeys

Down Facing Nostrils old world monkeys

• Ischial Collosites(butt pads)
• Well developed balance and communication
• Females of many show estrus
• Cercopithecines(cheek pouches)
• Colobines(Leaf eaters)

• Collitrichids and Cebids
• Tropical Forests of S. Mexico and Central and South America

Tropical S.E Asia

Indonesian Island of Borneo and Sumatra

West+Central Africa

Equatorial Africa

• Are complexly organized
• Include long term social relations
• Communicate with vocalization

• Males Compete for mates, causes sexual dimorphism
• Females compete for resources

Fossils are the remains of organisms that are chemically changed into rock

• Phylogeny-The evolutionary relationships of biological organisms
• Paleontology-The study of extinct life forms
• Taphonomy-The study of what happens to an organisms remains after death

Mapped the Neanderthal Genome

Evolution is gradual and continuous

Long periods of stasis alternating with short periods of rapid evolution

• Variations in Preservation
• Great Time Scale
• Accuracy of Dating Techniques

• Paleozoic(545-245mya)
• Mesozoic(245-65mya)
• Cenzoic(65-present)

• Relative-producing a date in relation to other materials
• Absolute-Methods that give a numerical time frame

Materials found in the same strata or layer are close to the same age

Oldest layer of strata at the bottom

Fluorine

uses the association of fossils in strata to determine each layers approximate age

Using Lithics like pottery

Tree ring dating made by A.E Douglas

Willard Libby. Uses the decay of carbon-14. Uses to date objects up to 70,000 years

Measure potassium to argon 49. Can be used to 200,000 years

• Amino Acid
• Fission Track
• Paleomagnetic
• Electron spin resonance
• Luminescence
• Genetic

• High costs
• Limits to certain techniques
• Having the right material

Measures oxygen isotopes 18+16 in deep sea sediments+ice cores

Chemical analysis of bone+teeth

• C4 plants wet environment
• C3 plants open grassland tropical savannah

• 1900's Smith and Jones Arboreal Hypothesis
• 1970s Matt Cartmill Visual Predation Hypothesis Developed traits to hunt small animals
• Randall Sussmen Angiosperm Radiation Primates develop in order to exploit fruits

• Plesialapoforms Highly diverse group of mammals that may have lead to us.
• Problems lack certain key characteristics

• Euprimates first true primates
• Adapids-Day time with long snouts
• Omomyids-nocturnal like tarsiers

• Fayum Depression-Egypt-heartland of ancestors
• Fayum Primates-Oligopithecids-Parapithecids
• -Propliopithecids most like us
• Aegyptopithecus-one of the most likely ancestors to catarhines
• Branisella-27mya South Africa Platyrhines

• Apes leave africa
• Dryopethicus-Europe 13mya
• Sirapithecus-Asia 12-8mya
• Giganthopithicus-8-.5mya
• Apes decline monkeys rise