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Group living offered many advantages such as?
increased safety in presence of danger, cooperation with others, to complete challenging tasks, and rearing children
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today we work hard to maintain our relationships, going so far as to modify our behavior when we are in the presence of others. Two examples?
- social facilitation: presence of others improves our performance. (depend on the situation or task at hand, how easy or difficult the task is, and how excited you are)
- social loafing: occurs when the presence of others causes one to relax one's standards and slack off
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societal or culturally impose rules about acceptable behavior are called ___. (vary by culture)
social norms
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___ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or adhere to the norms of their culture
conformity
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Two types of conformity?
informational social influence: occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are supposed to do. This type of conformity is most pronounced in ambiguous or novel situations
normative social influence: occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them
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What is the Asch study?
three lines: more than 3/4 participants went along with the group (confederates = people who are part of the study) even when the group answer was clearly wrong; when participants worked along, the rarely made any errors
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______ says that our likelihood of following either informational or normative social influence depends on three different aspects of the group: how importnat the group is to you, how close the group is to you in space and time, and how many people are in the group
social impact theory
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In collectivist cultures, what matter more?
- groups matter more than the individual, so any group-preserving behavior (such as conformity) would b
- e valued and encouraged
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Sometimes a single individual or small number of individuals (minority) influences the entire group ()majority). To have this happen, what must happen?
majority must present a consistent, unwavering message
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Most often minority opinions shifts majority opinion by means of _____
informational social influence (if a group encounters a situation in which the members are unsure about what to do and a minority carefully presetns a well-thought-out position, then the majority might accept it)
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Obedience
kind of conformity in which people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure
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Who is Milgram?
- recruited people from the community to participate in an experiment at Yale:
- experimenter showed both the teacher and learner to the adjoining room where the learner would be seated. Leaner's task - learning words. Teacher: giving mild electric shock when learner makes a mistake. Results: at 150 volts there was a drop in obedience- from 100% to 83%. Some participants stopped, but many went on with the experiment. 65% of participants went all the way to 450 volts.
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How we make sense of our social world
social perception
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attributions
inferences we make about the causes of other people's behavior
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occur when one thinks that someone's behavior is caused by something within them, such as personality, motive or attitude
internal/ dispositional attributions
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occur when one thinks that something outside the person, such as the nature of the situation, is the cause of his/her behavior
external/ situational attributions
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The self-serving bias is the tendency to make _____ for our own failures but ___ for our successes
situational attributions; dispositional attributions
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According to research, most of us are poor ____. Why?
lie detectors; rely too much on miselading cues (over-interpreting ambiguous nonverbal cues); we should focus on inconsistent behaviors
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best lie detectors?
attend to nonverbal information more than verbal information
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What are schemas?
lenses through which one filters perceptions (likely to color our interpretations when we encounter ambiguous information)
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schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong
stereotypes (formed conclusions about people before we even interact with them)
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Stereotype characteristics:
linkled to something factual (does not represent the gorup as a whole); support notions of belonging and exclusion taht can support unfair actions
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showing positive feelings twoard people who belong to the same group as us and negative feelings towards those in other groups, we display
in-group/out-group bias
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Consequences of perceinig others as different from us:
- -evaluate and treat people differently because of the group they belong
- -based in-group/out-group distinctions
- -hurts to be excluded from our group
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tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same
out-group homogeneity
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social rejection activates the same brain circuitry that is activated by pain
Nature-Nurture Pointer
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biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group
prejudice (stems from stereotypes and a lack of info); (prejudices about race=racism sex= sexism)
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preferential treatment of certain people that is usually driven by prejudicial attitudes
discrimination (result from institutionalized rules)
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prejudiced attidues operate outside ____ and sometimes stand in stark contrast to ____
conscious awareness; one's beliefs
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person's favorable/unfavorable beliefs, feelings, actions twaord an object, idea, or person
attitude
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three components of attitudes?
- affective component: feelings/emotions associated with the belief
- behavioral component: motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude
- cognitive component: consists of the rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude
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evolutionary forces explains automatic responses of attitudes, but many of our attitudes come from experience.
- nature-nurture pointer:
- EX: certain negtaive attitudes and emotional responses (snakes, shit) may be so important for our survival that they are part of our genetic hertiage
- EX: people around us teach us their attitudes through direct/indirect instruction
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direct experience with an object, idea, or person increases one's overall preference for it
mere exposure
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____ and his colleagues introduced the idea of conditioning. Explain
Mark Zanna; attitude can become paired with a pleasant or unpleasant feeling, leading to attitude change (nonsense syllables paired by emotionally positive or negative words)
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Attitudes vary on strength and accessibility. ___ the attitude ___ it is to change
stronger; harder
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feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from your conception of yourself as a reasonable and sensible person (when two cognitions or beliefs conflict that threaten our images of ourselves)
cognitive dissonance
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in an attempt to reduce this discomfort we:
- -change our behavior to make it consistent with dissonant cognition
- -we attempt to justify our behavior by changing one of the cognitions to make it more consistent with our behavior
- -we add new cognitions that are consistent with the behavior and thus support it
People experiencing cognitive disdsonance may go extreme lengths to reduce it and maintain our self-esteem. We often end up behaving very irrationally and rationalizing our behavior to reduce cognitive dissonance
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