Human anatomy 5

Dense connective tissue this layer of the pericardium is attached to the diaphram and the base of the great vessels.

2nd part of the pericardium thats the inner portion of a thin double latered serous membeane which is divided into 2 layers: the parietal and viseral layer. these layers reflect (fold back) along the greater vessels, where these layers become continues with one another.

of the serous pericardium that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.

if the serous pericardium also called the epicardium that covers the outside of the heart.

outtermost layer and is also know as the viseral layer or the serous periardium. It's composed of serous membrane and areolar connective tissue. As we age more fat is deposited here so it becomes thicker and more fatty.

is the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. It's the thickest layer of the 3 heart wall layers. This is where the myocardial infractions occur (heart attack).

the internal surface of the heart and the external surfaces of the heart valves are cover byed this. It's made up of simple squamous epithelium called Endothelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue.

neighboring cardiac muscle cells in the walls of heart chambers that have formed specilized cell to cell contacts call this. Which are electrically and mechanically link the cells together and permit the immediate passage of muscle impulses. Has japs to increase ion flow so that the heart can continully keep moving and not fatigue.

prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart. there is a numerous amount in intercalated disk.

Cardiac- short, 1-2 nuclei in center, cells joined by intercellular junctions in intercalated disks, less sarcoplasmic reticulum then skeletal, more mitchondria than the skeletal (see table 22.3 pg. 675)

recieves vienous blood from the circulation of the heart muscle itself. The interatiorial septum forms a thin wall between the right and left atria.

also called the tricuspid valve since it has three triangular cusps. deoxygentated veinous blood flows from the right atrium through the right atropventricular opening when this valve is open, into the right ventricle.

Recieves deoxygenated veinous blood from the right atrium.

which marks the end of the right ventricle and the entry into the pulmonary trunk. Semilunar valves are located within the walls are both ventricles immediatly beofre the connection of the ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

once gas exchange occurs in the lungs, the oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary viens to the left atrium. Seperating the left atrium from the left ventricle is the left atrioventricular opening.

also called the bicuspid since it has 2 triangular cusps. Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium through the left atrioventicular opening.

is typically 3x's thicker then the right ventricular wall. it has to create more pressure since the blood that leaves it has to circulate the rest of hte body.

marks the end of the left ventricle and the entrance into the aorta.

the right ventricle typically has 3 cone shaped muscular projections which anchor numerous thin strands of collegen fibers called CHORDAE TENDINEAE. They attach to the lower surface of cusps of the right AV valve and prevent the value from everting and flipping into the atrium when the right venticle is contracting.

also called EKG collects electrical signals and charts them. the provide an accurate comprehensive assessment of the electrical activity of the heart.

generated when the impulse originated in the SA node depolorizes the cells of the atria.

identifies the beginning of depolarization of the ventricles. simultaneously the atria repolarizes, however the repolarization signal is masked by the electrical activity of the ventricals.

is a small rounded peak that denotes ventricular repolarization.

the heart exhibits, meaning that the heart itself (not the external nerves) is responsible for initiating a heartbeat. Certain cardiac muscles are specilized to initiate and conduct impulses to the contractile muscle cells of the myocardium. Collectivelly, therese specialized cells are called the hearts conducting system.

the contraction of a heart chamber. during this perios the contraction of the myocardium forces blood either into another chamber or into a blood vessel.

the relaxation phase of a heart chamber. During this period between contraction phases, the myocardium of each chamber relaxes and the chamber fills with blood.