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What are the basic elements of physical fitness?
Cardiovascular endurance, Strength/flexibility, Nutrition, Freedom from bad habits, Back safety
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What is an isometric exercise?
Active excercise performed against stable resistance where muscles are exercised in a MOTIONLESS manner
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What is an isotonic exercise?
Active exercise during which muscles are worked through their range of MOTION
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How do you find target heart rate?
Subtrace age from 220 (max heart rate). Subtract resting rate from maximum heart rate x 0.7. Add to resting heart rate.
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What are the My Pyramid health guidelines?
Physical activity (30 minutes), Whole grains (3 ounces), Fruits (2 cups), Vegetables (2.5 cups), Fats, Milk (3 cups), Meat and beans.
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Infectious Disease
Any disease caused by the growth of pathogenic microorganisms which may be spread from person to person.
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Pathogen
Microorganism capable of producing disease, such as bacteria and viruses.
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Incubation Period
Time between contact with a disease and the first appearance of symptoms.
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Standard Precautions
A strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and fluids are infectious.
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment used by EMS personnel to protect against injury, illness and the spread of infection.
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How are some diseases spread?
- AIDS/HIV- Blood, reproductive fluid
- Hep B,C - Blood, Stool, other body fluid
- Tuberculosis (TB)- Airborne, respiratory secretions
- Meningitis- Oral and nasal secretions
- Pneumonia- Oral and nasal secretions
- Influenza- Airborne, body fluids
- Staphylococcal infection- Contact with open wounds/sores
- Chicken pox (Varicella)- Airborne, open wounds/sores
- German measles (Rubella)- Airborne
- Whooping cough (Pertussis)-Airborne, Respiratory secretions
- SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)- Airborne, personal contact
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When should a gown be worn?
Large amounts of bleeding such as arterial bleeds or childbirth
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What are the definitions of Cleaning, Disinfecting and Sterilizing?
- Cleaning- Washing an object with soap and water. Hands are cleaned.
- Disinfecting- Cleaning with a disinfecting agent which kills most microorganisms.
- Sterilizing- Use of chemical or physical method such as pressurized steam to kill all microorganisms.
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What are the post-exposure procedures?
- 1. Wash effected area with soap and water
- 2. Get medical evaluation
- 3. Take immunization boosters
- 4. Notify agency's infection control liason
- 5. Document
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Exposure
Any occurence of blood or body fluids coming in contact with nonintact skin, mucous membranes or parenteral contact (needle stick).
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What are the five stages of grieving?
- Denial "Not me"
- Anger "Why me?"
- Bargaining "OK, but first i have to.."
- Depression "But i haven't had a chance to..."
- Acceptance "OK, i'm ready."
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How do different age groups react to death and dying? How should they be handled?
- Newborn to 3- Senses change in family or people. Watch for irritability. Be sensitive, maintain consistency
- Ages 3 to 6- Believes death is temporary. Watch for behavior changes. Emphasize that it was not their fault, Reinforce that crying is natural.
- Ages 6 to 9- May prefer to hide or disguise feelings to avoid looking "childish". Discuss normal feelings surrounding grief.
- Ages 9 to 12- Starts to understand irreversibility of death. Set aside time to talk about feelings. Encourage sharing of memories.
- Ages 12 to 18- Demanding developmental processes are awkward with the needs of the family. Encourge talking but respect their privacy. Locate a support group/friends.
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What are some good things to say to people who have lost someone and are grieving?
- -A loved on has died. (Use specific and clear language)
- -There is nothing more anyone could have done.
- -We are available to assist you if you need it.
- -Give information of the process. (i.e. Medical examiner, funeral home)
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Stress and Stressor
- Stress: a hardship or strain. A physical or emotional response to a stimulus.
- Stressor: stimulus that causes stress.
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How does someone adapt to stress?
- Defensive strategies: These are helpful for short times. However they deny and distort the reality.
- Coping: A person confronts the situation but just learns to live with it. Not always the best way.
- Problem-solving skills: Healthiest approach. Analysis, solutions to the problem.
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How should you manage stress?
- 1. Identify personal stressors
- 2. Find the amount of stress you can take before it is a problem
- 3. Develop stress management strategies
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What are the phases of a stress response?
- 1. Alarm- Fight or flight
- 2. Resistance- Individual copes with stress
- 3. Exhaustion- Stress starts to cause problems
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Circadian Rhythms
Physiological phenomena that occur approximately ever 24 hours. They manage the bodies sleep cycle, temperature and other autonomic functions.
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Anchor Time
Set hours when a night-shift worker can reliably expect to get sleep with no interruption.
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Burnout
When coping mechanisms no longer buffer job stressors. Compomises health and well-being.
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How to deal with a stressful situation?
Controlled breathing, Reframe, Attend to the patient
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What are the three main types of EMS stress?
- 1. Daily Stress- Pay, working conditions, long hours, etc.
- 2. Small Incidents- One or two patients with injuries or death. Incidents involving friends/co-workers.
- 3. Large Incidents/Disasters- Many patients, some critical or dead.
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What is the main cause of injuries in EMS?
Lifting
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