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Meiosis consists of __ cell divisions with __ phases which are:
2, 4
- Meiosis I
- Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
- Meiosis II
- Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
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Mitosis creates __ ______ daughter cells
______ to the parent cell.
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Meiosis creates __ _____ daughter cells ______ to the parent cell.
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Crossing Over
allows for a variation. Chromosomes touch each other to allow for genetic diversity. Occurs in Prophase 1.
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Purpose of Meiosis
to cut chromosome number in half. Happens in metaphase or anaphase 1. 1 splits chromosomes, 2 splits chromatids. Sex cells
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Alleles:
different forms of the same genes. Dominant and recessive forms. Dominant gets expressed if present.
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Genotype
collection of genes.
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Phenotype
genes that get expressed
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Heterozygous
has one dominant and one recessive
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Punnet square
determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
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Sex linked disease:
hemophilia and color blindness. Usually carried on X, which makes males more vulnerable.
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Autosomal
not a sex linked chromosome.
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Mutation:
- change in DNA. Nucleotide sequence gets changed. Caused by radiation,
- viruses, chemicals, replication errors. Mutating DNA can cause medical
- disorders because it makes the wrong protein which isn't what your body
- needs.
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Nondisjunction
homologous chromosomes didn't split which results in trisomy or monosomy. not normal.
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Karyotype
Chart of human chromosomes organized into pairs
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Monosomy
- 45 chromosomes
- missing a chromosome
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Trisomy
- 47 chromosomes
- extra chromosome
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Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 18
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Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome: Most survivable
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Albinism
has no pigment because no melanin
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Sickle cell anemia :
red blood cells are sickle shaped and clump and clot, autosomal recessive disease.
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PKU
is also autosomal recessive disease that you cannot process phenoalonen?
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Autosomal Recessive
Albinism, Sickle cell anemia, PKU
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Skeletal system
for support, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral reservoir
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Integumentary system:
thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D,
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Red bone marrow
where blood cells are made, mainly in children
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Yellow Bone Marrow
mainly in adults, made of fat
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ephiphisis
is flaired end of long bone
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Diaphysis
is shaft of long bone
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Medulary cavity
inside/middle of long bone
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Periostium
Covering around outside bone
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Atricular cartiliage
on ends of long bone
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Trebekule
on spongy bone to increase strength of bone without increasing weight.
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Epiphyseal plate
for growing
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Intermembrous:
flat bones of skull.
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Indrocondrial:
hyaline cartiliage
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Osteoblast
build bones, blood CA decreases,
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osteoclasts
destroy bone, blood CA increases.
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Calcitonin
lowers blood CA by stimulating osteoblast
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PTH
increases blood CA by stimulating osteoclast
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4 types of membrane:
- 1. CUTANEOUS
- 2. MUCOUS
- 3. SEROUS
- 4. SYNOVIAL
-
mucous
is passageways to outside world
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SEBACEOUS GLANDS
- In Epidermis.
- Produce sebum (oil)
- open into a hair follicle
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Merocrine Glands
make sweat
-
Apocrine
- Ducts open into hair follicles instead of skin surface
- SCENT GLANDS
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EPIDERMIS
made of epithelial cells, keratinocytes
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Stratum basale
Deep layer of Epidermis
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Stratum spinosum
Middle layer of Epidermis
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Stratum corneum
Outer layer of Epidermis
-
osteon
basic structural unit of compact bone
-
Rickets:
childhood disease, not enough vitamin D/ calcium. Bones bow and deform
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Osteomalacia:
adult form of Rickets
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osteoporosis
Osteoclast outdo osteoblast
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types of joints:
- FIBROUS,
- CARTILAGINOUS,
- SYNOVIAL
-
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bursa
fluid filled sac between tendon and bone
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ligament
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone
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tendon
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone:
-
sprain:
torn ligament or tendon
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strain:
stretched ligament or tendon
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OSTEOARTHRITIS
chronic wear and tear
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synovial joints:
- ball and socket
- Hindge
- Condular
- Pivot
- Sadel
- Plane
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ball and socket:
shoulder, hip.
-
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Condular:
radial carpal or metacarpal phalangeal.
-
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Sadel:
base of thumb, trapezealmetacarpal.
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Plane
carpal bones, articular process of vertebrae
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