1. Home
  2. Flashcards
  3. Preview

501 midterm

  1. what are the 5 trends in health professions?
    • 1. increasing shortage of qualified professionals
    • 2. higher salaries, better working conditions (supply-demand)
    • 3. globalization (immigrants and medical tourism)
    • 4. increasing cost
    • 5. a comprehensive healthcare reform
  2. what do you learn in the MBA?
    • economics
    • accounting
    • finance
    • organizational behavior
    • marketing
    • human resources management and ethics
    • management information systems
    • supply chain management
  3. what is the goal of the MBA program?
    "to make money today and in the future"
  4. what is the competitive advantage of having an MBA?
    cost, quality, speed and flexibility
  5. definition of lean thinking? (in relation to the MBA program)
    • to become more competitive in today's challenging environment by focusing on value and eliminating all wastes
    • basically to do more with less
    • define value and eliminate waste
    • identify the value stream
    • flow, pull, perfection
  6. how do we define value in a healthcare company?
    • by asking several questions:
    • who are the customers?
    • what do the customers want?
    • how do they want it?
    • when do they want it?
  7. in "lean thinking" concept of the MBA program... what is "waste"?
    • waste is anything that doesn't add value
    • we'd like to eliminate all wastes: defects, waiting, overproduction, transportation, inventory, complexity, unused creativity
  8. what is the basic information of the PharmD/MBA program?
    • it's a unique opportunity to earn an MBA
    • you complete the MBA as part of the PharmD program
    • it's composed of foundations and core courses
    • requires summer courses
    • additional ~$12K in cost
  9. what are the PharmD/MBA program goals and objectives?
    • to educate students to assume responsibilities as managers, administrators, consultants and executives in health are systems designed to provide health care to costumers
    • to become SUCCESSFUL: to be able to make effective decisions
    • to become PRINCIPLED: to be able to act ethically
    • to become LEADERS: to be able to demonstrate leadership qualities
    • to have a GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: to be able to function effectively in a global business environment
  10. how does the MBA trimester work?
    • the academic year consists of three 14-week semesters
    • classes meet 1 night/week (M-Th)
    • you'll have ~5 week summer break
  11. disadvantages of the PharmD/MBA program?
    • will not be able to participate in pharmacy didactic electives (5 of the 12 required MBA core courses will be taken instead of electives)
    • will not be able to participate in selective pharmacy practice rotations in P4 year
    • may not earn more than 2C's in MBA courses
    • attain at least a 3.0GPA in MBA program
    • may be required to withdraw from the program if on academic probation in pharmacy program
  12. what are some admission requirements for the PharmD/MBA program?
    • full time BJDSOP student in good standing
    • undergraduate degree from accredited institution
    • MBA application no later than Feb1 of P1 year
    • two letters of recommendation (one from PharmD/MBA faculty advisor)
    • interview with director of MBA program
    • complete foundation courses
  13. describe the Magna Carta of Pharmacy developed in 1240
    • the pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical profession
    • the pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially
    • pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art, and in a uniform suitable quality
  14. books listing durgs and other medical services including standards for their preparation and analysis that are recognized by a government authority
    pharmacopeia
  15. what was the first state to issue licenses to apothecaries based on examination by the medical examining board?
    South Carolina
  16. what was the first college of pharmacy? (founded in 1821)
    • PCP = philadelphia college of pharmacy
    • started in reply to the deterioration of pharmacy and bec the medical faculty was discriminating against pharmacists saying that they weren't qualified
  17. who is the founder of american pharmacy?
    • william proctor jr.
    • he was the 1st secretary of APhA
    • and graduated from PCP in 1873, remember, PCP = 1st college of pharmacy
    • pcp=philadelphia college of pharmacy
  18. who believed that scientific foundation of pharmacy should first be through didactic, then practical; "school first, then practice"; he was dean at the university of michigan; ideas were rejected until the turn of the century; before his idea = apprenticeship, limited classwork at the pharmacy school
    albert b. prescott
  19. what drug law made sure that medications adhered to certain criteria?
    • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
    • effect on profession: (1) compounding was individualized but this era hurt the pharmacist role, not relied for compounding anymore bec of pharm industry; (2) knowledge: was getting harder and harder to keep up with the side effects of the drugs
  20. who developed the 3 basic characteristics of pharmacy as a profession; tried to reestablish the profession of pharmacy; was a pharmacist and professor at the univ of florida
    • charles d. hepler
    • his 3 hallmarks:
    • 1. the services offered are closely linked to major human values, such as health, property and religion
    • 2. the services require a degree of knowledge, skill and understanding beyond those possessed by ordinary people of the day and beyond a layman's ability to evaluate
    • 3. the services are inherently personal or individualized in nature, meaning that they cannot be readily standardized or mass produced
  21. what was the "9th floor project" at UCSF?
    • goal: wanted pharmacists at the floor of the hospital
    • so that everything involved with distribution would fall with the pharmacist
    • provided a non biased and easily available source of drug
    • to design and conduct studies with physicians and nurses
  22. what is the "mill's report"?
    • an AACP comissioned study of pharmacy, headed by Dr. John Mills
    • 14 recommendations including:
    • acceleration of development of clinical sites for pharmacy faculty
    • development of national examination for licensure (NAPLEX)
    • increased movement toward making pharmacy a knowledge based clinical profession
    • creation of a small number of clinical scientist programs in schools of pharmacy at the PhD level
    • creation of a board of pharmaceutical specialties with APhA to recognize specialty practices in pharmacy and certify individuals in those specialties
  23. definition of pharmaceutical care defined by hepler and linda strand?
    • 1. was defined as providing successful drug therapy: pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life. these outcomes are: (1) cure of a disease, (2) elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomology, (3) arresting or slowing of a disease process, (4) preventing a disease or symptomology
    • 2. talks about team approach, pharmacist as being part of the team and the pharmacist is the drug expert: pharmaceutical care involves the process through which a pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professionals in designing, implementing and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcomes for the patient. involves (1) identifying potential and actual drug related problems, (2) resolving actual drug related problems, (3) preventing potential drug relating problems
    • 3. key: direct relationship to the patient and directly responsible for the patient: pharmaceutical care is a necessary element of healthcare & should be integrated with other elements. pharmaceutical care is however, provided for the direct benefit of the patient, and the pharmacist is responsible directly to the patient for the quality of that care. the fundamental relationship in pharmaceutical care is a mutually beneficial exchange in which the patient grants authority to the provider and the provider gives competence and commitment (accepts responsibility) to the patient.
    • 4. key: components all there no matter where you are: the fundamental goals, processes and relationship of pharmaceutical care exist regardless of practice setting
  24. what is the asheville project in 1997?
    • decreased cost of insure their employees by developing a pharmaceutical care program at the retail setting
    • worked with patients to get disease states controlled and it worked to decrease cost!
    • employees called out work and decreased drug cost for the city
    • pharmacist showed that we have the education and knowledge to work with patients and get their disease states controlled
  25. describe: medicare prescription drug, improvement and modernization act of 2003
    • MTM became part of the new medicare part D prescription program after the asheville project
    • required medication therapy management (MTM)
    • requires MTM services be provided to high risk patients with the goals of enhancing patient's understanding of appropriate drug use, increasing adherence to medication therapy and improving the detection of adverse drug effects
  26. general duties and training: community pharmacy
    • works in a variety of settings: retail, independent, large box and grocery
    • education: pharmD
    • long hours, standing a lot and can be stressful
    • must like to help people and mutitask
  27. general duties and training: long term care
    • setting: nursing homes
    • education: pharmD and sometimes residency required
    • need CGP: certification in gerontology pharmacy preferred
    • provides a monthly drug review on all patients
  28. general duties and training: managed care pharmacy
    • setting: HMO or PPM (ex. kaiser permanente)
    • education: pharmD and sometimes residency, depending on the position
    • advantage: no insurance issues
  29. general duties and training: primary care (ambulatory care)
    • setting: with doctor and patients by appt
    • education: pharmD and residency
    • doctor recommends appt with pharm to adjust patient meds
    • downside: only associated w/ school of pharm, hard to pay you a competitive salary
  30. general duties and training: academic pharm
    • setting: school
    • education: residency required!!!
    • day to day is mixed: research, teaching or service
    • pro: no weekend or holidays
  31. general duties and training: drug info pharm
    setting: hospital environment
  32. general duties and training: medical liason pharm
    • setting: medical
    • education: experimental and clinical experience
    • set up from a drug sales rep (usually business majors or nurse majors)
    • education, can be med shcool or PA, but have had clinical training
    • talks to doctor and gives more in depth detail compared to drug rep
    • hard position to get in
  33. main goal/focus of: APhA American Pharmacist Association
    • organization congress expects to speak for pharmacy
    • serves as home for board of pharmaceutical specialties (BPS), pharmacy services support center (PSSC) and pharmacy technician certification board (PTCB)
  34. main goal/focus for NCPA national community pharmacist association
    • program for community pharmacists and other on their behalf on capitol hill
    • worked with industry partners to form the 4th largest medicare prescription drug program, community CCRx, aggressive MTM
  35. main goal/ focus for ACA american college of apothecaries
    • members focus on professional side of practice rather than business aspects
    • must own or work in pharmacy devoid of commercial trappings or advertisements
    • sell primarily prescription and non prescription drugs, medical supplies, etc
  36. main goal/focus for ASHP american society of health system pharmacists
    • represents pharmacists who practice in hospital and health systems
    • responsible for accreditation of residency programs
    • offers membership sections based on area of practice
  37. main goal/focus for ASCP american society of consultant pharmacists
    members are experts in GERIATRIC pharmacotherapy
  38. main goal/focus for ACCP american college of clinical pharmacists
    emphasizes experience in practicing or teaching patient oriented clinical pharmacy
  39. main goal/focus for AMCP academy of managed care pharmacy
    members work in HMOs, managed care groups, and pharmacy benefit management companies
  40. main goal/focus for ACPE accreditation council for pharmacy education
    • accrediting body for pharmacy schools
    • funds come from fees charged to pharmacy schools
  41. main goal/focus for AACP american association of colleges of pharmacy
    represent interest of the administration and faculties of the colleges of pharmacy
  42. main goal/focus for NABP national association of boards of pharmacy
    • represents the state boards of pharmacy
    • helps to increase consistency in pharmacy laws from state to state
  43. general duties and training: nutritional pharmacy
    • duties: asses patient needs, develop nutrition care plan, compound, monitor patient
    • traning: pharmD, active license, 3 yrs practical experience/residency (1/2 in nutritonal support); NSPSCE certification, specifically for nutritional support!
  44. general duties and training: hospital pharmacy
    • duties: provide indirect patient care, work with doctors to decide which meds and therapies are appropriate for patient's condition; prepare/dispense meds; provide info; drug expert in hospital; monitor drug therapy
    • training: pharmD, BS of pharmacy
  45. general duties and training: compounding pharmacy
    • duties: individualized prescription medication (specialized dosage, medication delivery, non active ingredient allergies, discontinued or short supply drugs, vet patients)
    • training: BS or PharmD degree, active license; 3 day course of special compounding skills
  46. general duties and training: critical care pharmacy
    • duties: responsible for managing meds for critically ill paitients; contributes to patient rounds with care teams; participates in cose, preparing meds and life support; educates MDs, residents, fellows and nurses on drug info
    • training: pharmD, 2 yrs residency
  47. general duties and training: poison control pharmacy
    • duties: emergency calls and suggest action plans for dealing with hazardous chemicals and harmful drug interactions
    • training: pharmD, residency or equivalent experience (one and 2 yr residencies/fellowships in clinical toxicology); certification as a specialist in poison info; certification by the american board of applied toxicology
  48. general duties and training: psychiatric pharmacy
    • duties: drug monitoring, providing info, dispensing, compounding, working w/ other health professionals
    • training: pharmD, 2 yrs of residency or 4 yrs of practice (50% related to psychiatric pharm); pass board certified exam BCPP and recertification required every 7 yrs; active licence
  49. general duties and training: veterinary pharmacy
    • duties: compounding; prepare heartworm preventatives, antiparasitic meds, hormone therapies; pain management; primarily deal with owners and vets; teach
    • training: license, pharmD; background in animal husbandry
  50. general duties and training: pediatric pharmacy
    • duties: dispense/distribute meds; monitor stage of medication therapy; catering dosage calculations to the specific needs of children; prepare IVs; work with other healthcare prof; advising, counseling and consulting
    • training: pharmD, 1 year general residency + specialty residency in ped pharm; active license
  51. general duties and training: infectious disease pharmacy
    • duties: manage infectious disease pharm; educate; monitor; research
    • training: pharmD, active license; PGY1 and PGY2 preferred; BCPS certification; fellowship possible
  52. general duties and training: public health services pharmacy
    • duties: highly collaborate with healthcare prof; promote preventative healthcare; assist in disaster and underserved areas; help in healthcare legislation
    • training: pharmD or BS in pharm; active license; additional degree option: MPH
  53. general duties and training: oncology pharmacy
    • duties: supportive care, anitbiotic therapy, managing patient's organ systems; administrative duties
    • training: pharmD, active license; PGY1&2; must pass the oncology pharm specialty certification exam; experience
  54. general duties and training: nuclear pharmacy
    • duties: compound radiopharmaceuticals; handling radiopharm and hazardous waste materials; perform checks on instruments and equipment; laboratory testing on new radiopharm and compounding procedures; couseling and monitoring
    • training: pharmD; residence preffered; >200 hrs of training an basic radioisotope handling; >500 hrs of experience in handling unsealed radioactive material
  55. general duties and training: operating room pharmacy
    • duties: prepare and overee meds in OR; trach controlled substance used by the anesthesia providers and surgeons; work with other healthcare prof; educator/researcher
    • training: active license, pharmD, hospital pharm experience; experience in unit doses and or IV admixtures
  56. general duties and training: military pharmacy
    • duties: manage; advice doctors and patients; train; consult on durgs and meds; check supplies; record keeping
    • training: must be US citizen or permanent US resident; must be 21-42 yrs of age; active license; must graduate AMEDD officer basic course; must complete additional courses to hold positions at the lieutenant colonel level and colonel level; pharmD
  57. definition of a pharmacy residency
    • an organized, directed, postgraduate training program in a defined area of pharmacy practice
    • residencies exist to train pharm in a professional practice and management activities; in depth experience
  58. PGY1 vs PGY2 residency?
    • PGY1: builds upon knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities gained from an accredited prof pharm degree program; 1st year enhances GENERAL competencies
    • PGY2: builds upon the competencies established in postgraduate year 1 or residency training; focused in a SPECIFIC area of practice; increases depth of knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities
  59. definition of fellowship?
    • a research fellowship is a directed, highly individualized postgraduate training program designed to prepare the participant to function as an independent investigator
    • a progression of post graduate training that takes the trainee from the clinical environment into a research arena
  60. reasons for doing fellowship?
    • if research is expected to be a major portion of your professional career (pharm faculty positions often require residency training; if you want to be more focused on research and teaching; appropriate for research positions)
    • will expose a pharmacist to protocol and grant development as well as techniques for completion of clinical investigation that's not found in residency training
    • prepares an individual to be an independent investigator
  61. the 4 hierarchies of moral reasoning as described by beauchamp and childress:
    ethical theories are derived from princliples, which are derived from rules, which are derived from particular judgements and actions
    • people 1st learn about moral reasoning as children, observing their own and other's actions and developing opinions about right or wrong
    • these opinions are codified into RULES, which kindergarten and elementary school children use as good vs bad view of the world
    • as the child matures, they develop principles of behavior that act as guides in dillemmas
    • finally, ethical theories are developed by an individual to guide bejavior when rules and principles may conflict with one another
  62. APhA codes and principles? 5
    • AUTONOMY: an action is right if it respects the autonomy, or independent choice of others
    • VERACITY: telling the truth is right
    • FIDELITY: keeping promises, commitments, contracts and covenants is right
    • AVOIDING KILLING: taking of human life is wrong
    • JUSTICE: fair distribution of goods and harms is right
  63. APhA code of ethics? 8
    • 1. a pharmacist respects the covental relationship between the patient and pharmacist
    • 2. a pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate and confidential manner
    • 3. a pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient
    • 4. a pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in a professional relationship
    • 5. a pharmacist maintains professional competence
    • 6. a pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals
    • 7. a pharmacist serves individual, community and societal needs
    • 8. a pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources
  64. definition: autonomy
    • having independent choice
    • 5 elements of informed consent: competence, disclosure of info, understanding info, voluntariness and authorization
  65. nonmaleficence vs beneficence
    • nonmaleficence means "at least, do no harm", refers to not taking actions that would inflict harm
    • compare to BENEFICENCE: refers to taking actions that will do good
  66. how do we identify ethical issues and work through them? FOUR BOXES... outline?
    • 1. Medical Indications: Principles of
    • Beneficence and nonmaleficence (to do no harm)
    • 2. Patient References: Principle of Respect
    • for Autonomy
    • 3. Quality of Life: Principles of Beneficence
    • and Nonmaleficence and Respect for Autonomy
    • 4. Contextual Features: Principles of Justice
    • and Fairness
  67. part 1 of the 4 boxes of ethics: Medical Indication – principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence
    • What is the patient’s medical problem?
    • Is the problem acute? Chronic? Critical? Reversible? Emergent? Terminal?
    • What are the goals of treatment?
    • In what circumstances are medical treatments not indicated?
    • What are the probabilities of success of various treatment options?
    • In sum, how can this patient be benefited by medical and nursing care and how
    • can harm be avoided?
  68. part 2 of the 4 boxes of ethics: Patient References: principles of respect for autonomy
    • Has the patient been informed of benefits and risks, understood this
    • information, and given consent?
    • Is the patient mentally capable and legally competent, and is there evidence of
    • incapacity?
    • If mentally capable, what preferences about treatment is the patient stating?
    • If incapacitated, has the patient expressed prior preferences?
    • Who is the appropriate surrogate to make decisions for the incapacitated
    • patient?
    • Is the patient unwilling or unable to cooperate with medical treatment? If so,
    • why?
  69. part 3 of the 4 boxes of ethics: Quality of Life: principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence and respect for autonomy
    • combines 1 and 2
    • What are the prospects, with or without treatment, for a return to normal life,
    • and what physical, mental, and social deficits might the patient experience
    • even if treatment succeeds?
    • On what grounds can anyone judge that some quality of life would be undesirable
    • for a patient who cannot make or express such a judgment?
    • Are there biases that might prejudice the provider’s evaluation of the
    • patient’s quality of life?
    • What ethical issues arise concerning improving or enhancing a patient’s quality
    • of life?
    • Do quality of life assessments raise any questions regarding changes in
    • treatment plans, such as forgoing life-sustaining treatment?
    • What are plans and rationale to forgo life-sustaining treatment?
    • What is the legal and ethical status of suicide?
  70. part 4 of 4 boxes of ethics: Contextual Features: principles of justice and fairness
    • Are there professional, interprofessional or business interests that might
    • create conflicts of interest in the clinical treatment of patients?
    • Are there parties other than clinicians and patients, such as family members,
    • who have an interest in clinical decisions?
    • What are the limits imposed on patient confidentiality by the legitimate
    • interests of third parties?
    • Are there financial factors that create conflicts of interest in clinical
    • decisions?
    • Are there problems of allocation of scarce health resources that might affect
    • clinical decisions?
    • Are there religious issues that might influence clinical decisions?
    • What are the legal issues that might affect clinical decisions?
    • Are there considerations of clinical research and education that might affect
    • clinical decisions?
    • Are there issues of public health and safety that affect clinical decisions?
    • Are there conflicts of interest within institutions and organizations
  71. pharmaceutical care practice requirements
    • competence
    • commitment
    • trusting relationship (confidence, reliability, and continuity)
    • basically, must have the education, commitment and patient's trust
  72. MTM: pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies 2003
    • MTM - medication therapy management, need to look at complete regiment and see what else we can do
    • go above and beyond
    • enhance the understanding of appropriate drug use, increase adherence, improve ADE (adverse drug effect) detection, 5 core elements
  73. rationale for pharmaceutical care
    • #1 reason = pharmacists are the most accessible health care professionals
    • PC helps eliminate unnecessary costs by improving medication use (optimal care)
    • adverse drug reactions are responsible for longer hospital stays, higher costs and morbidity and mortality
    • preventable drug interactions account for 1/3 of adverse drug events annually in the US
  74. when should pharmacists intervene?
    • before, during and after medication selection
    • before and after the patient has started taking the medication
    • when a patient notices a problem
    • constant routine monitoring is necessary
  75. pharmaceutical care cycle
    identify the problem --> set goals/outcomes --> develop a care plan & educate --> monitor and follow up --> back to beginning (identify the problem)
  76. barriers enhancing adverse effects
    • limited access to patient medical info
    • limited communication between health care prof
    • lack of time with patient
    • lack of proper resources
    • patients belief in competency of pharmacist
    • language barriers
  77. JCAHO joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organization
    • accredits health care organizations
    • recognized the prevalence of med errors and drafted new med standards with a greater emphasis on medication safety
    • look alike and sound alike meds, reagents and chemicals must be segregated in all areas of health care org
    • prescribers need to specify the indication for use as part of the order
  78. institute for safe medication practices ISMP
    • nonprofit org educating the health care community about safe med practices
    • independent practitioner review that focuses on med error prevention in the US
    • usually passes the confidential info to medwatch
    • focus = prevention
  79. medwatch
    • FDA medical products reporting program
    • reports serious AE and product problems to FDA either directly or via manufacturer
    • designed to educate all health professionals about critical importance of being aware of, monitoring for and reporting adverse events and problems to FDA/manufacturer; and to ensure that new safety info is rapidly communicated to the medical community, to improve patient care
  80. definition of health by the WHO (world health organization)
    "state of complete, physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of dsease or infirmity"
  81. why is the US healthcare system unique?
    • the US spends the highest amount of money (GDP) in the whole world, not by the actual amount, but by the percentage of how much we have
    • we're one of the only developed countries with NO comprehensive system for paying for health services for residents
    • in the US, providing health care services has LARGE PROFITS!
    • distribution and access to health services is significantly uneven
  82. what are the 5 main components of the health care system?
    • 1. personnel: human providers of care
    • 2. institutions: hospitals, clinics, long term care facilities, pharmacies, anywhere where care is sought or received
    • 3. financing mechanisms: how is our patchwork system paid for
    • 4. firms producing 'health commodities': pharmaceutical industries that produce meds, companies that provide equipment to hospitals
    • 5. research and educational institutions that produce knowledge and health personnel: ex: bjd sop
  83. reasons for increased life expectancies?
    • 1. changes in standard of living: hygeine, diet, nutrition, housing
    • 2. advances in public health
    • 3. progress in medical practice
  84. main problems in the US health care system?
    • 1. rapid increases in health care cost
    • 2. access to care is limited
    • 3. physician oversupply and under-supply of other health professionals (ex shortage of nurses)
    • 4. fraud and abuse (other countries have a comprehensive system that prevents fraud and abuse, our patchwork system allows people to fit through the cracks and steal $$$)
    • 5. waste and unnecessary care given
    • 6. fragmentation of care (duplication of care and services, go to hospital bec of drug interactions bec prof aren't aware of other stuff patient is on)
  85. where does the us healthcare system $$ go? who are the biggest things???
    • BIG PERCENTAGE goes to hospitals
    • then physicians
    • then other health care professionals (not that impt)
    • pharmaceuticals are 4th (prescriptions)
  86. General Models of Health Care Systems: Socialized
    • one payer... usually the govt is paying for everything
    • mostly private providers... don't work for the govt but are paid by the govt... so private hospitals or pharmacies paid by govt still
    • allows private enterprises to work within the health care system
  87. general models of health care system: socialist
    • one payer = government, the govt owns all the hospitals and clinics, it runs everything that relates to health care
    • most providers owned or employed by govt
  88. general models of health care system: decentralized national
    • multiple payers
    • mostly private providers
    • what the US health care system is!!!
  89. what type of health care model does US, china and england have?
    • US is decentralized national
    • CHINA has a socialist health care structure but partly decentralized bec it has private health care providers!!! govt only pays some not all!
    • ENGLAND has socialized and socialist.... govt operates almost all the hospitals, physicans offices are mostly private
    • CANADA is socialized... govt pays for nearly everything (by provinces, not federal), lots of private health care prof
    • so strong relationship between political structure and health care but not exact
  90. HAWAII state based attempt at health care system
    • leader in health care reform: one of the 1st states to implement change
    • prepaid health care act of 1974
    • all employers have to provide insurance coverage with a standard benefits coverage, employee paid some and employer paid the rest

    • state health insurance program 1989
    • coverage for 'gap group,' (those self insured or out of work, those that fell in the cracks)
    • basic benefits package emphasizing prevention and primary care
    • limited catastrophic benefits

    • quest 1994
    • created large purchasing pool
    • provides common benefit package at a capitated rate
    • 5MC plans awarded contracts
    • if you get lower than poverty level (<133%), govt pays for it
  91. TENNESEE state based attempt at health care system
    • TennCare: asheville project
    • medicade reform to control medicaid costs, exted coverage to those w/o employer sponsored plans
    • problem: caused certain insurance companies to go down =(
    • more services than original medicaid
  92. MASSACHUSETTS state based attempt at health care system
    • mandatory healthcare for all residents!!!
    • law requires everyone to possess health insurance
    • state gov helps those who can't afford to pay for plan themselves
    • trying to control costs via global payment (per person per month system payments)
  93. affordable health care act of 2010... 2010 implementation
    • kids <26 allowed to stay on parents insurance (major group w/o insurace = college students and those that just graduated.. try to fix some of this)
    • medicare reimbursement for doughnut hole ($250)
    • doughnut hole... seniors that fall in this hole can get reimbursement
    • high risk pool for pre-existing condition people w/o insurance for >6 months (all those that can't buy insurance cause insurance won't cover them... create high risk pool and sell them insurance, govt will cover those)
    • no lifetime caps on coverage
    • restrictions on annual limits (we'll only pay $$ for this condition, etc. govt put restrictions on what annual limits insurance comp can have)
    • health plans provide free preventative care (typical screening things we have to pay copay on are now free, no more copay)
    • cannot deny children with pre-existing conditions
    • cannot take away coverage for getting sick
  94. affordable health care act of 2010... 2011 implementation
    • reward providers for quality care rather than volume
    • pharmaceutical manufacturer free
    • OTC reimbursement through medical savings account not allowed
    • medicare reimbursement for 'doughnut hole' at 50% for brand name drugs (instead of just $250)
  95. affordable health care act of 2010... 2012 & 2013 implementation
    • reward hospitals based upon quality of care
    • medical savings accounts limited to $2500 per year contributions
  96. affordable health care act of 2010... 2014 implementation (big one)
    • individuals required to carry insurance (remember: from massachusets!!!)
    • cannot base coverage or premiums on health status
    • annual limits on benefits banned (moved from restrictions to ban!!!)
    • medicaid expansion to cover more people and insurance exchanges
    • essential benefit package
  97. health care financing: voluntary, out of pocket
    • get sick, go to provider, pay out of pocket
    • where does this occur in our health care system? the uninsured, OTCs fall under this
  98. health care financing: voluntary reimbursement
    • go to provider, see provider, still paying out of pocket (so same as 1st)
    • but now... you're paying provider entire cost, submit receipt to insurance co and get reimbursed
    • where do we see this in US healthcare system? the original way US health insurance was set up, some private insurers
  99. health care financing: public reimbursement
    • pay provider directly and then...
    • instead of submitting to a private insurance company, to a public insurance company (basically govt owned or operated!)
    • then get reimbursed
    • not really seen in the us heath care system
  100. health care financing: voluntary contract
    • person goes to providers
    • instead of paying providers directly, now the insurance is reimbursing the providers
    • providers submit receipt/claim to insurance company to get reimbursed! not the patient
    • may have to pay some fees like copay (that's why it's not on slide)
    • model for nearly all private insurers today
  101. health care financing: public contract
    "person goes to providers instead of paying providers directly, now the insurance is reimbursing the providersproviders submit receipt/claim to insurance company to get reimbursed!"

    • put in medicaid/medicare = public contract instead of private providers
    • another word for it = socialized medicine
  102. health care financing: voluntary integrated model
    • integrated because insurer = provider
    • the payer and the provider are one and the same, no longer separate
    • HMOs like kaiser permanente
  103. health care financing: public integrated model
    • govt body is the payer and provider, the same
    • example? VA hospital system
    • socialist medicine
  104. incentives and risks of health care: FFS (fee for service)
    • if you're the provider and you get paid for each service, you want to provide more service (increase utilization)
    • provider has no incentive to hold down the cost
    • the insurance carriers then assumes all the risk
    • this is how retail pharmacy works!!!
  105. incentives and risks of health care: capitation
    • because insurance gives provider set amount of payment each month
    • want to see as little as possible!!! decrease utilization
    • provider wants to hold down the cost, get more profit!
    • provider and insurance carrier split risk
    • ex. if get a lot of visits that month, can make less $$$ than how much they were given
  106. general gist of medicare part A vs medicare part B vs medicare part D?
    • A: covers hospital bills; for hospital and skilled care facilities (covers ALL emergency services in all hospitals)
    • B: covers medical insurance coverage; supplemental medical insurance for physicians
    • D: covers prescription drugs

    Medicare part A which covers hospital bills, Medicare Part B which covers medical insurance coverage, and Medicare Part D which covers prescription drugs
  107. what does part A cover for inpatient hospital care?
    • part A is for inpatient HOSPITAL care
    • benefit period = 90 day medical necessity period, renewable (starts at 90 days available after a break from a hospital visit)
    • if more than 90 days, pull from the 60 day lifetime reserve which is non renewable
    • 190 days of inpatient psychiatric care in person's lifetime
    • covers semiprivate room, meals, nursing care, drugs, lab tests, xrays, OR
    • BLOOD: pay for or replace 1st 3 pints of blood/year, if need more than 3 pints, can use B to cover it
  108. what does part A cover for a skilled nursing facility care?
    • 100 days of care per benefit pay period
    • semiprivate room, nursing care, meals, drugs, rehabilitation services, medical supplies & equipment
    • previous hospital stay: at least 3 days stay and within 30 days of discharge
  109. what does part A cover for a home health care facility?
    • no time or visit limits, intermittent
    • skilled nursing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, home health aide services, medical social services, medical supplies, durable medical equipment
  110. what does part A cover for hospice care?
    • if life expectancy is <6 months and you waive right to a traditional treatment, at home typically; for those declared terminally ill
    • basically just for pain and symptom relief
    • physician, nursing care, couseling, homemaker, short term respite care (5 days)
    • small copayment on drugs
    • small coinsurance inpatient respite care
  111. TERMS: deductable? copayment? coinsurance?
    • deductable = out of pocket expense you have to pay before insurance kicks in
    • copayment = fixed dollar amount for service
    • co-insurance = fixed percentage of the total amount of the bill
  112. is part B free???
    • No, has a monthly premium and a yearly deductable, can be purchased without part A
    • not required to get part B
    • if you don't qualify for part A, can purchase part B
    • "medicare approved charges" providers accept "assignment" or not
    • if accept assignment: agree to medicare fee schedule, they will only charge medicare fee sched and patient owes 20% of that bill
    • if assignment not accepted: paid less by govt and the provider is allowed to charge the pt more! overall, they'll get paid more
    • basically... medicare pays 80% and patient pays 20%
  113. what does part B cover?
    • physician services
    • outpatient hospital services
    • xrays and lab tests
    • physical and occupational therapy
    • home health care
    • drugs and biologicals (ex immunizations)
    • kidney dialysis
    • durable medical equipment
    • ambulatory care (walk yourself in and walk yourself out)
    • preventative services
    • outpatient prescription drugs
    • limited coverage for stuff like chiro, podiatrist, opto, dental
  114. MEDICAID scope?
    • joint federal-state program!
    • voluntary program
    • currently all states participate
    • purpose is to provide health care to the indigent (poor)
  115. what mandatory services does medicaid provide?
    • hospital - inpatient & outpatient
    • physician
    • laboratory & xray
    • SNF/home health
    • family planning
    • rural health clinic
    • nurse-midwife
    • EPSDT (preventative services)
  116. what optional services does medicaid provide?
    optometrist, dental, ICF, prescription meds, dentures, eyeglasses, medicare part B, medicare part A supplemental
  117. health maintenance organization act of 1973
    • catalyst for managed care growth
    • provided money for start up HMOs
    • required employers with >25 employees to offer an HMO as a health alternative
  118. what are the 4 characteristics of managed care? (MCOs)
    • different types of MCO are set by these 4 characteristics
    • 1. risk bearing (who bears the risk)
    • 2. physician type (working for insurance co or private)
    • 3. relationship exclusivity
    • 4. out of network coverage
  119. what are the 3 main types of MCO's???
    • 1. HMOs
    • the only voluntary integrated one
    • staff - employed physicians
    • group - exclusive contract with large medical group
    • network - nonexclusive contracts with large medical groups
    • IPA - non exclusive contracts with many solo/small groups physicians

    2. PPO - affiliations of providers seeking contracts with insurance

    3. POS - pick provider at time of service; hybrid plans
  120. gatekeeper?
    • purpose of gatekeeper is to reduce costs
    • PCP primary care physician coordinates all care, authorizes medical services and authorizes referral to specialist
  121. PBM? pharmacy benefits managers?
    • administer Rx coverage by claiming processing and contracting with pharmacies to provide services
    • formulatory management
    • patient education
    • rebate negotiation
  122. Medicare part D (prescription drug benefit)
    • comprehensive prescription drug coverage
    • anything else that's not covered by medicare part B
    • has a monthly premium ($30-35) and a yearly deductable
    • patient has 25% coinsurance
    • has a doughnut hole!!! (between $2250-3600 covered slowly by the patient)
    • so before 2250 and after 3600, covered by insurance
    • past 3600, medicare pays 95% and patient pays 5%
Author
cong10
ID
42557
Card Set
501 midterm
Description
501 midterm
Updated

  1. Home
  2. Flashcards
  3. Preview