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large muscles responsible for body movement and locomotion (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
skeletal muscle
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contains large muscle cells (up to 1 foot or more in length) (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
skeletal muscle
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mutinucleated (nucleus located in periphery, closer to cell membrane), striated (banded) appearance (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
skeletal muscle
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referred to as striated voluntary muscle, nervous system provides voluntary control (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
skeletal muscle
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has some ability to repair itself using myosatellite cells (stem cells) (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
skeletal muscle
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description: cells are long, cylindrical, striated and multinucleate (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
skeletal muscle
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function: moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton, guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs
skeletal muscle
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skeletal muscle drug that targets nicotinic ACh receptor? ex: neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and ambenonium
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- skeletal muscle drugs target nicotinic ACh receptor
- how muscle contraction works: Acetylcholine stimulates muscle to contract
- ACh broken down by cholinesterase to stop muscle contraction
- cholinesterase inhibitors decrease the breakdown of ACh
- used as treatment for myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)
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location: only in the heart (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
cardiac muscle
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cells are short, branched, and striated, usually a single nucleus; cells are connected by intercalated discs (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
cardiac muscle
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function: circulates blood; maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
cardiac muscle
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limited ability to repair itself; although it can divide some after injury to the heart, the repairs are incomplete and some function is usually lost (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
cardiac muscle
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refferred to as striated involuntary muscle (relies on pacemaker cells)
cardiac muscle
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specialized cardiac muscle cells that establish the rate of contraciton
pacemaker cells
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interconnect muscle cells, membranes are linked together via gap junctions; ion movements help synchronize the contraction of the cells;
- intercalated discs
- allows structural, electrical and chemical connection
- bec the myofibrils are locked together, the 2 muscle cells can "pull together with max efficiency
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almost completely dependent on aerobic metabolism; therefore, need glycogen and lipids, lots of mitochondria and myoglobin (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
cardiac muscle
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meaning: full mass of cells
- FUNCTIONAL SYNCYTIUM
- bec of intercalated discs, get connection between muscle cells
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posses property of AUTOMATICITY (contraction without the stimulation by nervous system) (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
- cardiac muscle
- bec it's involuntary, it can act on its own w/o stimulation from nervous system
- the nervous system can alter the pace established by the pacemaker cells
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a cardiac muscle drug that decreases heart rate and cardiac output; used as antihypertensive, anti-anginals, anti-arrhythmics; used by someone that has too much pressure in the heart so use this to decrease pressure
- CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
- ex: verapamil and diltiazem
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a cardiac muscle drug that blocks the affects of the sympathetic nervous system stimulation; sympathetic nervous system ACTIVATES the heart, basically speeds it up; used to treat angina, hypertension, chronic heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias
- BETA BLOCKERS
- ex: metoprolol, carvedilol, and atenolol
- ends in -lol
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cardiac muscle drug that inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, ultimately increases intracellular calcium (indirect effect); acts to increase contractility; used to treat heart failure
DIGOXIN
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cells are short, spindle-shaped and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus; tapering ends with circular nucleus; disorganized thick and thin filaments (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
smooth muscle
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location: walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive organs (hollow organs) (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
smooth muscle
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have the ability to divide, repair after injury (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
smooth muscle
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referred to as nonstriated involuntary muscle (nervous system, hormones can affect smooth muscle); affected by nervous system BUT not under conscious control (skeletal, cardiac or smooth?)
smooth muscle
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function: moves food, urine and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels
smooth muscle
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what are the 4 ways that smooth muscles differ from other muscle cells?
- 1. excitation-contraciton coupling
- 2. length-tension relationships
- 3. control of contractions
- 4. smooth muscle tone
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describe: excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle cells
- free calcium in cytoplasm triggers contraction
- calcium enters cell and causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release more calcium
- calcium then interacts with CALMODULIN
- calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase
- this allows myosin head to attach to actin, cause contraction
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describe: length-tension relationships in smooth muscle cells
- tension and length are not directly related bec thick and thin filaments are scattered and not organized into sarcomeres
- has PLASTICITY: ability to function over wide range of lengths
- basically helps with changes in volume, ex in the stomach
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describe: control of contractions in smooth muscle cells (remember 2 types: multiunit smooth muscle cells and visceral smooth muscle cells)
- mutiunit smooth muscle cells are innervated in motor units just like skeletal muscle; so we have smooth muscles that can be innervated and controlled but act more slowly than skeletal
- visceral smooth muscle cells lack direct connection with motor neuron; responds to chemicals, hormones, gases, stretching or pacesetter cells; undergoes spontaneous depolarization, cycles of activity
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smooth muscle durg that blocks vasoconstriction (diameter of blood vessels to decrease) to lower BP; so blocking this would decrease BP bec allows more blood to flow; used to treat hypertension
- ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs)
- ex: losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), candesartan (Atacand)
- ends in -tan
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smooth muscle drugs that are used to treat angina; metabolizes nitroglycerin to nitric oxide which then dilates veins and coronary arteries
ORGANIC NITRATES or NITRIC OXIDE DONORS
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smooth muscle drugs; sympathomimetics cause bronchodilation; used to treat ASTHMA
BRONCHODILATORS
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fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers
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fascicle organization: parallel muscles... description and example?
- fascicles are parallel to long axis of muscle; most common
- ex: biceps brachii
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fascicle organization: convergent muscles... description and example?
- fascicles extend over a broad area and converge on a common attachment site
- basically looks like a fan
- direction of pull can change depending on part of muscle stimulated
- ex: pectoral muscle
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fascicle organization: circular muscles (sphincter)... description and example
- fascicles are concentrically arranged (in a circle)
- during most muscle contraction, diameter of opening decreases
- ex: orbicularis oris, the muscle that surrounds lips
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fascicle organization: unipennate muscle... description and example?
- pennate = fascicles form a common angle with the tendon
- for unipennate, muscle fiber is on one side of the tendon
- ex: extensor digitorum muscle
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fascicle organization: bipennate muscle... description and example?
- pennate = fascicles form a common angle with the tendon
- for bipennate, muscle fibers on both sides of tendon
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fascicle organization: mutipennate muscle... description and example?
- pennate = fascicles form a common angle with the tendon
- for multipennate muscle, when tendon branches within a pennate muscle
- ex: deltoid muscle
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describe and give an example of first class lever
- looks like a seesaw: fulcrum is between applied force and load
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describe and give an example of a second class lever
- looks like a wheelbarrow: fulcrum is on the end and load is on the middle
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describe and give an example of a third class lever
- most common in the body
- applied force is between the load and the fulcrum
- shown: contracting bicep muscle
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fixed end of a muscle
origin
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free movable end of a muscle
insertion
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COMPARE: agonist and antagonist
- agonist: main muscle responsible for movement
- antagonist: muscle who's action opposes a particular agonist
- in picture: biceps and triceps move opposite each other
- biceps = agonist, triceps = antagonist
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what are the 4 muscles of mastication? what do they move?
- 1. BUCCINATOR: move food around in mouth, compresses cheek
- 2. MASSETER: elevates mandible, closes jaws
- 3. TEMPORALIS: elevates mandible
- 4. PTERYGOIDS (medial and lateral): medial closes jaws while lateral opens jaws
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what are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles? how do they move the eye?
- [4 rectus and 2 oblique]
- 1. inferior rectus: eye looks down
- 2. medial rectus: eye looks medially
- 3. lateral rectus: eye looks laterally
- 4. superior rectus: eye looks up
- 5. inferior oblique: eye ROLLS, looks UP and laterally
- 6. superior oblique: eye ROLLS, looks DOWN and laterally
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what are the 3 abdominal muscles she wants us to remember? what do they do?
- 1. rectus abdominus: depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen
- 2. internal oblique & external oblique: compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends spine
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what 3 things pass through the diaphragm?
inferior vena cava, thoracic aorta, esophagus
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muscles in the upper body??? recognize these!!!
1. trapezius
2. deltoid
3. internal and external intercostals
4. latissimus dorsi
5. pectoralis major (not shown: but makes the "pecs")
6. muscles of the rotator cuff (next slide)
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what are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
(don't need to know location, just know which muscles)
- 1. SUPRAspinatus
- 2. INFRAspinatus
- 3. subscapularis
- 4. teres minor
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inflammation of the retinacula/extensor retinaculum (the band that makes a tunnel for all the tendons that go up the hand) and synovial tendon sheaths; compresses median nerve (the nerve that innervates the hand); causes pain, tingling or numbness on palm
carpal tunnel syndrome
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what are the treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome? (3)
- 1. aspirin: for the pain
- 2. glucocorticoid injection: inflammation
- 3. splint: to take the pressure off until inflammation goes away
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what are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring? (flexors and extensors of the knee)
- 1. biceps femoris
- 2. semitendinosus
- 3. semimembranosus
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what are the 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps? (flexors and extensors of the knee)
- 1. rectus femoris
- 2. vastus lateralis
- 3. vastus medialis
- 4. vastus intermedius (can't be seen in picture bec its deep)
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what are the muscles that move the foot and toes? (4)
- 1. gastrocnemius medial head
- 2. gastrocnemius lateral head
- 3. soleus
- 4. popliteus
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what muscles do injections go into? why?
- INTRAMASCULAR (IM) INJECTIONS
- slower release than iv injection
- less irritation and more volume than subcutaneous (can inject up to 5mL at once)
- most popular sites: gluteus medius (upper side of hip), deltoid (shoulder), vastus lateralis is the best (most popular with children = upper thigh)
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what are common complications if they don't do intramuscular injections?
- injection of blood vessel - possible fatality (goes straight to circulation, can cause toxicity and death!)
- injection of a nerve - possible sensory loss or paralysis
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