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- circular: sphincter like, as seen in mouth
- convergent: origin is wider than point of insertion, max force production
- parallel: long muscles causing large movements, not very strong but good endurance
- unipennate: fibres arranged to insert in a diagonal direction onto the tendon, which allows great strength
- bipennate: two rows of muscle fibres in opposite diagonal directions with a central tendon (feather), greater power but less motion
- multipennate: multiple rows of diagonal fibres, w/a central tendon that branches into 2+ tendons
- fusiform: muscles are more spindle shaped, with the muscle belly being wider than the origin and insertion.
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tendon, origin, insertion
- Tendon: tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
- Origin: the point at which muscle attaches to a bone. The structure that it is attached to is not moved by contraction
- Insertion: the point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle. The structure its attached to is moved by muscle contraction.
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syngergist vs antagonist
- Antagonist: a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist, is responsible for returning limb initial position.
- Synergists: are muscles that act on movable joints
- Synergists and antagonistic muscle groups are formed during early development, prior to individual muscles
- Muscle tissue is derived from mesoderm
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Movement of Upper Extremity:
- Flex –extend
- Abduct– adduct
- Rotate
- Pronate – supinate
- Circumduct
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Radial Nerve
Radial: supplies the upper limb, originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1
Posterior interosseuos: nerve in the forearm. It is the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve, after this has crossed the supinator muscle.
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ulnar nerve
runs near the ulna bone, the largest unprotected nerve in the human, directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger
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median nerve
It is in the upper limb, enter the forearm with the brachial artery, originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8, & T1, the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Musculocutaneous nerve
arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis minor, its fibers being derived from C5, C6 and C7.
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Axillary nerve
comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6
(also called circumflex nerve)
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- Origin: lateral epincondyle of humerus
- Insertion: dorsal surfaces of phalanges 2-5
- Nerve: radial (post. interosseous n.)
- Action: extends wrist and joints of digits 2-5
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- Extensor Digiti Minimi:
- Origin: lat. epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion: proximal phalanx 5 (little finger)
- Nerve: radial/post. inteross n.
- Action: extends wrist and all joints of little finger
- Extensor Indicis
- Origin: lat epicon, inteross mem
- Insertion: 2nd phalanx (index finger)
- Nerve: radial/post. inteross. n.
- Action: extend wrist and index finger
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- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus:
- O: lat epidondyle of humerus
- I: base of2nd metacarpal
- N: radial
- A: extends wrist; aids in radial felxion of wrist
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
- O: same
- I: 3rd metacarpal
- N: same
- A: same
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris:
- O: olecranon process (post surface of ulnar shaft)
- I: 5th metacarpal
- N: same
- A: extends and fixes wrist when fist is clenched (gripping), aids in ulnar flexion of wrist
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- Flexor Digitorum Profundus:
- O: anterior of ulna, inteross. membrane
- I: distal phalanges 2-5
- N: Median
- A: flexes wrist and joints of fingers 2-5
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis:
- O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process
- I: middle phalanges 2-5
- N: Median
- A: flexes wrists and finger joints
- Flexor Pollucis Longus:
- O: radius, ulna, inteross. mem.
- I: distal phalanx 1
- N: median
- A: flexes phalanges of thumb
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- Flexor Carpi Radialis:
- O: medial epicondyle
- I: base of metacarpals 2-3
- N: median
- A: flex, abduct (flexes wrist anteriorly)
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- O: medial epidondlye
- I: pisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpal
- N: ulnar
- A: flex, adduct (flexes wrist anteriorly)
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- Palmaris Longus:
- O: medial epicondle of humerus
- I: palmar aponeurosis
- N: median
- A: anchors skin of palmar region, resists shearing forces such as climbing, weakly developed or absent
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- Biceps Brachialis (Brachii)
- O: long head: glenoid cavity, short head: coracoid process
- I: radial tuberosity
- N: musculocutaneous nerve
- A: flex
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- Brachialis:
- O: anterior humerus
- I: coronoid process, tuberosity of ulna
- N: musculocutaneous nerve
- A: flex (prime mover of elbox felxion)
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- Brachioradialis:
- O: distal humerus
- I: radius near styloid process
- N: radial
- A: flexes elbow
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- Triceps Brachii:
- O: glenoid cavity, lateral humerus, medial humerus
- I: olecranon process
- N: radial
- A: extends elbow
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- Pronator Teres:
- O: medial epicondyle, coronoid process
- I: lateral radius
- N: median nerve
- A: rotation (pronation)
- Pronator Quadratus:
- O: distal ulna
- I: distal radius
- N: median n.
- A: rotation (pronation)
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- Supinator:
- O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
- I: lateral radius
- N: radial (post. inteross n.)
- A: supinates forearm
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