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Cryotherapy Contraindications
- Compromised circulation, peripheral vascular disease
- Ischemic tissue, infection
- Cryoglobulinemia
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Cold urticaria
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Cold Pack
- Requires a temperature of 23 degrees F
- Apply wrapped in moistened towel for 15 minutes
- Require frequent observation of the skin
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Cold Bath
- Requires a temperature of 55-64 degrees F
- Immerse body part for 5-15 minutes
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Heat Therapy Contraindications
- Circulatory or sensory impairment
- Area of malignancy
- Acute trauma, bleeding, or hemorrhage
- Thrombophlebitis
- Arterial disease
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Hot Pack
- Must be stored in hot water between 158-167 degrees F
- Six to eight layers of towel, 20 minutes
- Check skin after 5 minutes for redness or signs of a burn
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Ultrasound Contraindications
- Over eyes, heart, testes
- Over pregnant uterus
- Cemented prosthetic joint
- Sensory or circulatory impairment
- Thrombophlebitis
- Over epiphyseal areas in children
- Infection, or malignancy
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Duty Cycle
- The portion of the treatment time that ultrasound is generated during the entire treatment
- 100% produces thermal effects
- 20% or pulsed, produces non-thermal effects
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Ultrasound Frequency
- 1 MHz heats tissues up to 5 cm deep
- 3 MHz penetrates tissues less than 2 cm
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Ultrasound Intensity
- Continuous ultrasound: between .5 to 2 W/cm2
- Pulsed ultrasound: .5 to .75 W/cm2
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Traction Contraindications
- Joint instability
- Tumor
- Pregnancy
- Osteoporosis
- Fracture
- Acute sprain or inflammatory response
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Traction Indications
- Nerve impingement
- Herniated or protruding disk
- Joint hypomobility
- Degenerative joint disease
- Paraspinal muscle spasm
- Osteophyte formation
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Cervical Traction
- Position in supine with 25-35 degrees of flexion
- Start with 10-15 pounds and progress to 7% of the patient's body weight
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Lumbar Traction
- Initial treatment 25-50 lbs is recommended
- Force of up to 50% of body weight is required to separate the vertabrae
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Compression Contraindications
- Malignancy of treated area
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Heart failure, pulmonary edema
- Infection of treated area
- Circulatory obstruction
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Compression Treatment Parameters
- 3:1 ratio, on/off time
- Pressure ranges from 30-80 mm Hg and should not exceed the patient's diastolic BP
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Direct Current
- aka galvanic current
- A constant flow of electrons with a constant polarity
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Alternating Current
- Polarity continuously changes from pos to neg with the direction of current flow
- Used in muscle retraining, spasticity, and stimulation of denervated muscle
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Inferential Current
- Attempts to reach deeper tissues using two high frequency alternating waveforms
- Used in pain management, urinary incontinence, edema management, and migranes
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Russian Current
- Depolarizes both sensory & motor nerve fibers
- Results in tetanic contractions that are painless and stronger than those made voluntarily
- Sets of ten contractions, ten seconds long with 50 second break between each set
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Cathode
Negatively charged electrode that attracts positive ions
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Anode
Positively charged electrode that attracts negative ions
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Current
Describes the flow of electrons from one place to another
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Frequency
Determines the number of pulses delivered through each channel per second
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Voltage
How fast the electricity is moving
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