-
The light reactions are located in the
Thylakoid Membrane
-
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the
Stroma
-
What features do mitochondria share with bacterial cells?
Free ribosomes, DNA, Membranes with phospholipds
-
What do you think the cytoskeleton is made of?
Proteins, which is made of amino acids
-
Microfilaments are involved in what in the Cytoskeleton?
- ▪ Changes in cell shape
- ▪ Muscle contraction
- ▪ Cytoplasmic streaming
- ▪ Cell motility (pseudopodia)
- ▪ Cell division (cleavage furrow)
-
Microtubles are involved in what in the Cytoskeleton?
- Move the chilla and flagella
- Maintain cell shape
- Choromosome Movements
- Organelle Movements
-
Intermediate filaments....
- Anchor Organelles
- Involved in the formation of nuclear lamina
-
Intercellular Junctions in Plants are
Continuous cytoplasms/membranes
-
Intercellular Junctions in Animal Cells are...
- • Tight Junctions: Ex. Epithelial Cell
- • Desmosomes: Ex. Epithelial cells, holds your cells together.
- • Gap Junctions: Ex. Heart Muscles, Animal Embryos
-
Cells are small because
they are limited by the food they can take in
-
A cell that is actively involved in exchanging a lot of material with their surrooundings wouldbe expected to have a . . .
a large surface are to volume ratio
-
How is the cell wall similar between Eu and Prokaryotes?
- Cell Shape
- Physical Protection
- Osmoregulation
-
How is the cell wall different between Eu and Prokaryotes?
- The structual components.
- Eukaryotes: cellulose or chitin
- Prokaryotes:
- ◦ Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
- ◦ Archaea: Variety of polysaccharides and proteins
-
Do cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic solutions?
No.
-
How do you think immune cells recognize foreign cells?
They read the proteins, carbohydrates and libids that are attached to the membrane
-
A cells is Gram Positive if...
it has a peptidoglycan layer
-
Gram Negative bacteria:
- Has an extra layer before the peptidoglycan layer
- Are more pathogenic
-
Pili and Fimbriae
- Made of proteins.
- Hairlike appendages
- Attach to certain cells, bacteria to each other, exchanging genetic material between bacteria
- Called Sex pilots
-
Flagella
- Help move the cell
- Very different between Eu and Prokaryotes
- In Prokaryotes, made of filament and connected to the cell membrane
- In Eukaryotes, made of a cell membrane that is filled with microtubules and is not connected.
-
What shape is the DNA in Bacteria and Eukaryotes?
Circular
-
-
Do ribosome fucntion similarly in pro and eukaryotes?
Yes
-
Extremophiles
love extream environments
-
Extreme thermophiles
temperature
-
-
Methanogens
- Prokaryote
- Live in stumachs of termites and cows
- Use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane
-
Why are Archaea and Bacteria Fundamentally Different
- Cell wall
- Plasma Membrane
- Ribosomes
- RNA Polymerases
-
Viruses
- not living!!
- DNA surrounded by a protein coat
- Does not have ribosomes or a plasma membrane
- Ia parasite
- Bacteriophage
-
Viroid
- Infectious particels
- lack coat protein
- short circular strands of RNA
-
Prions
consists only of protein
-
Living cells require Energy t/f
True
-
Kenetic Energy
- Heat, thermal energy
- Light
-
Potential Energy
- Chemical Energy
- food/glucose
-
First law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created nor distroyed
-
Second law of thermodynamics
- During energy transfer/transformation
- Some energy becomes unusable
-
ATP is used to drive nearly all cellular activities
True
-
Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient....
Requires Energy
-
Electrogenic Pumps
- Sodium (Na+) Potasium(K+) pump
- More Na+ out
- Generates voltage
- 3 out 2 in
-
The Proton Pump
- Main electrogenic pump
- Protons= H+
- Store Energy for cells
- Electrochemical gradient
-
Voltages across the plasma membrane are...
- the result of concentration gradients
- used by the cells as an energy source
- referred to asmembrane potential.
-
Proton pumps, sodium potassium pump, active transport
all require energy
-
Exergonic Reactions
energy out
-
Endogonic Reactions
- Energy in
- Absorbs/requires energy
-
Catabolic Pathways:
release energy
-
Anabolic Pathways:
use energy
-
Activation Energy
Reactants pushed into transition states
-
Enzymes + Actiation Energy =
- Enzymes lower the activation energy
- reaction is more likely to occur
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