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Fluid within lymphatic system
lymph
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conducts lymph
lymph vessels
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filter and contain lymph
lymph nodes
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fluid found in the interstitial space
interstitial fluid
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what is the interstitial space?
tissue space, the space that surrounds the cells of a tissue
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origin of interstitial fluid
plasma is filtered through the arterial ends of the capillaries into the interstitial space and it becomes interstitial fluid
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description of starting points of lymph vessels
begin as blind starting points in the tissue spaces between the cells
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Can large proteins be absorbed at the venous ends of the capillaries?
no
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excess interstitial fluid...
enters the lymph capillaries and becomes lymph
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Ultimate destination of lymph?
the blood system
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3 functions of lymph
- drains protein containing fluid from the tissue spaces
- transports fats from the GI system to the blood
- acts in surveillance and defense
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3 things lymph protects the body from
- foreign substances
- microbes
- cancer cells
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another term for lymph vessels
lymphatics
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3 main types of lymphatics (lymph vessels)
- lymphatic capillaries
- lymphatic veins
- lymphatic ducts
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microscopic tubes originating in the interstitial space at blind starting points with flap-like one way valves
lymphatic capillaries
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lines lymphatic capillaries
endothelial cells
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how are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries?
lymphatic capillaries are larger (so they can take in larger proteins)
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where are lymphatic capillaries found?
most of the body, but not in non-vascular areas or the brain
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intestinal lymphatic capillaries
lacteals
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tiny finger-like projections that come out from the small intestine
they increase the absorptive area and surface area of the small intestines
villi
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function of intestinal lacteals
absorb fats from the intestines
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How are lymphatic and blood veins similar?
- possess:
- internal coat of endothelial cells
- a thin middle coat of smooth muscle
- an external coat of connective tissue
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Describe lymphatic veins
- structure similar to blood veins (inner -endothelium, middle - thin smooth muscle, outer - connective tissue)
- numerous valves to prevent back flow of lymph
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prominent feature of lymphatic veins
valves
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how many lymphatic ducts are there? Name them.
- 2
- Right lymphatic duct
- Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
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area of the body the right lymphatic duct drains
upper right quarter of the body
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What blood vein does the right lyphatic duct enter?
right subclavian vein
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How long is the right lymphatic duct?
1.5cm
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another name for left lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
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area of body thoracic duct drains
remaining 3/4ths of the body
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where does the thoracic duct drain?
left subclavian vein
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lymphatic reservoir at the beginning of the thoracic duct
cisterna chyli
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where does lymph come from that drains into the cisterna chyli?
from legs, kidneys, and intestines
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body cavities the thoracic duct traverses
thoracic and abdominal cavities
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The thoracic duct penetrates the diaphragm at the _________ ___________.
diaphragmatic hiatus
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How long is the thoracic duct?
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How is lymph circulated?
driven primarily through the action of skeletal muscles and by breathing
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Describe rate of lymph flow
very sluggish
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insures that lymph only flows in one direction
one way valves
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2 main groupings of lymphatic tissue
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size and shape of typical lymph node
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depressed area on one side of a lymph node where lymphatic vessels leave the node
hilus
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direction of flow in hilar lymphatic vessels
efferent (leaving node)
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hilar vessels are called...
efferent vessels
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characterizes direction of flow of the lymphatic vessels on the convex surface of a lymph node
afferent (entering node)
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enter lymph node along the convex cortical side
afferent vessels
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which are more numerous, afferent or efferent lymph vessels in lymph nodes?
afferent (entering)
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another name for the convex, or outer portion, of a lymph node?
cortical
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having to do with the cortex or outer portion
cortical
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curving or bulging outward
convex
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lymph vessels that enter a lymph node are called..
afferent vessels
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center of the lymph node
medulla
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what partitions the medulla into compartments (nodules)?
trabeculae
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compartments in the lymph node
nodules
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What is located within the nodules of a lymph node?
trabecular sinuses
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what is located within the trabecular sinuses of the lymph node?
they are lined with lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
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purpose of lymphocytes and phagocytic cells within the trabeculae sinuses of a lymph node
destroy bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and other foreign material
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rate of movement of lymph within the lymph nodes
very slow since the nodes act as a filter for the lymph
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knowledge of the lymph system is important in the diagnosis of what disease?
cancer
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the prediction of course or outcome of a disease or disorder
chances of recovery from a disease
prognosis
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What is knowledge of the lymphatic system especially useful in treating cancers?
cancer often metastasizes by way of the lymphatics
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Process by which cancer cells move from one part of the body to another
metastasis
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are lymph nodes spaces evenly through out the body?
No, they are more prevalent in certain areas
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2 terms to describe general locations of lymph glands
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superficial lymph nodes are found....
- neck (cervical nodes)
- arm pit (axillary nodes)
- groin (inguinal nodes)
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lymph glands of neck
cervical nodes
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lymph nodes of arm pit
axillary nodes
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lymph nodes of the groin
inguinal nodes
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Superficial nodes are easily __________.
palpated
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felt with the hand
palpated
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deep lymph nodes are found....
- iliac
- lumbar
- thoracic
- omentum areas
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3 sets of tonsils
- palatine tonsils (pair)
- pharyngeal tonsil
- lingual tonsils (pair)
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tonsils easily seen in the throat
palatine tonsils
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medical term for removal of tonsils
tonsillectomy
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another name for pharyngeal tonsil
adenoids
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is pharyngeal tonsil a single or paired structure?
single
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Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
imbedded in the posterior roof of the nasopharynx
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where are lingual tonsils located?
the base of the tongue
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What characterizes the locations of the tonsils?
strategically located to protect against ingested foreign organisms
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largest lymph organ
spleen
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Where is the spleen located?
beneath the diaphragm to the left of the stomach
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What types of pulp does the spleen contain?
white and red
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White pulp of the spleen consists of...
lymphatic tissue
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Red pulp of the spleen composed of .....
sinuses containing blood
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3 functions of the spleen
- store lymphocytes (especially B lymphocytes)
- phagocytize worn out or injured RBCs
- filter and store blood
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common complication of ruptured spleen
requires immediate surgery to prevent exsanguination (bleeding out)
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shape of thymus gland
bilobed
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location of thymus
in the superior mediastinum immediately behind the sternum
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The thymus is very ______________ in infants and children, but becomes ____________ as people age.
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function of the thymus gland
production of T-lymphocytes
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T-lymphocytes are derived from....
hemocytoblasts (stem cells)
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In addition to the spleen, thymus, and tonsils, what are also sometimes considered lymph organs?
the lymph node system and bone marrow
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What happens to the large protein molecules that can't be reabsorbed at the venous ends of the capillaries?
They enter the lymphatic capillaries
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