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Gen. exam 3
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what are the 2 types of mutations? (single gene mutation)
Base substitution
-one base subs for another
-
missence mutation
: new amino acid (protein may or may not work)
-
silent mutation
: (protein product will work)
-
nonsense mutation
: "stop codon" (protein product does not work)
Frame Shift
-add (or delete) a nucleotide (protein product does not work)
What is a mutation?
Any heritable change in the DNA
-inherited from parent (from cell to daughter cell)
site is in somatic cell
*NOT inherited by offspring
Example of a recombinant DNA pharmaceutical?
Human Growth Hormone
What are Telomeres?
Tips of double helix
"biological Clocks"
repeated sequences of 6 base pairs
GGATTT}GGGATT{GGGATT
CCTAAA}CCCTAA{CCCTAA
Examples of mutations?
-Colon Cancer
-Sickle cell disease "single base subst."
-collagen disorders "glue"
Aortic Aneurism
Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1
What are characteristics of cancer cells?
-Different apperance
-loss of cell cycle control
-heritability
-transplantability
-dedifferentiation
-loss of contact inhibition
-ability to induce local blood vessel formation
-invasiveness
-increased mutation rate
-ability to spread
What is Carcinogen (most mutagens)?
Something known to cause cancer in a lab animal
1. test to see it if changes DNA
2. if it is, then test to see if it's a carcinogen
(hard/expensive to identify)
What is Mutagen?
A substance that causes a DNA base change
1. chemical (cigarette smoke)
2. radiation (sunlight rays)
3. infectious agents (viruses)
site=germ cell (eggs & sperm)
somatic cell-->possible cancer
What is Carcinogenesis?
Development of Cancer
Initiation
-gene affecting DNA repair
Promotion
-Causes expression of recessive allele (cancer begins)
Progression
-Spread of Cancer from one site to another (Cancer grows)
What are Antigens?
proteins on outside of cell
identify your cells as being part of you
What are Foreign Antigens?
Identified as possibly harmful
immune system identifies presence of foreign antigens and destroys it
What are Antibodies?
Proteins produced by certain while blood cells which attach to foreign antigens and immobilize the foreign cells
other white blood cells (Macrophage) come in and destroy the foreign cells
What is Macrophage?
white blood cell that consumes foreign antigens
What are Human Blood Groups?
Collection of antigens
controlled by single gene
EX
: MN blood group, ABO blood group, Rh blood group
MN Blood group ?
2 alleles
3 geneotypes
CODOMINANCE
ABO blood group?
3 alleles
i
A
= A antigen
i
B
= B antigen
i = No antigen
(I
A
=I
B
)>i
#Genotypes= 3(3+1)/2 =6
Natural Antibodies?
Humans naturally possess antibodies for ABO blood group
each antibody is specific for a foreign antigen
type O?
Ab?
O= Universal Donor
AB= Universal Recipient
Rh Factor (Rh blood group)
Named after Rhesus monkey
Rh+ = presence of Antigen
Rh- = absence of Antigen
RR = Rh+
Rr = Rh+
rr = Rh-
RFLP analysis- DNA fingerprinting
Restriction- uses restriction enzymes to cut out certain segments of DNA
Fragment-short sequence repeats
Length-Compares fragment lengths
Polymorphism- "many forms" indicating the fragments cut into different sizes
Author
Sljohn3
ID
42061
Card Set
Gen. exam 3
Description
Genetics class
Updated
2010-10-20T01:55:07Z
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