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Active transport
- Use of plasma membrane carrier protein to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower
- to high concentration, movement of a molecule or ion from a region of lower
- concentration
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Carrier protein
 - Protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane
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Cell recognition
protein
 - Glycoprotein that helps the body defend itself against pathogens
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Channel protein
 - Forms a channel to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane
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Concentration gradient
- Gradual change in chemical concentration from one point to another
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Crenation
 - The shriveling of ananimal cell in a hypertonic solution due to osmosis
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Cytolysis
- Disruption or bursting of a cell; can be in response to osmosis in a hypotonic solution
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Differentially Permeable
- Ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others; sometimes called selectively permeable
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Diffusion
- Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; it requires no energy and stops when the distribution is equal
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Endocytosis
- Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking) includes receptor-mediated endocyosis
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Enzymatic Protein
Protein that catalyzes a specific reaction
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Exocytosis
- Process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so tha the vesicle’s contents are released outside the cell
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Faciliated Transport
- Use of a plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from a higher to a lower concentration; no energy required.
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Fluid-mosaic model
- Model of the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid layer.
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glycolipid
- Lipid in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain attached to a hydrophobic tail
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Glycoprotein
- Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain
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Hyptertonic
- Higher solute concentration (less water) than the cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis
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Hypotonic solution
}Lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytosol of a cell; causes cell to
- }gain water by osmosis
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Isotonic Solution
- Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis
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Osmosis
- Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane
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Osmotic Pressure
- Measure of the tendency of water to move across a differentially permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration
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Phagocytosis
- Process by which amoeboid cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole
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Pinocytosis
- Process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell
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Isotonic Solution
- Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis
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Osmosis
- Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane
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Osmotic Pressure
- Measure of the tendency of water to move across a differentially permeable membrane; visible
- as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration
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Phagocytosis
- Process by which amoeboid cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole
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Pinocytosis
- Process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell
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Plasmolysis
- Contraction of the cell contents due to the loss of water
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
- A form of pinocytosis that is quite specific because it uses a receptor protein shaped so that a specific molecule, such as a vitamin, peptide hormone, or lipoprotein, can bind to it
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Recepotor Proteing
- }They have a shape
- that allows a specific molecule to bind to it. The binding of this molecule causes the protein to change its shape and thereby bring about a cellular response
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
- Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into cells; important in nerve and muscle cells
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Solvent
- Fluid, such as water, that dissolves solutes
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Turgor Pressure
- In plant cells, pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall when the central vacuole is full
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