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Olfactory Nerve
- Cranial nerve I, sensory
- Smell
-
Optic
- Cranial nerve II, sensory
- Sight
-
Oculomotor
- Cranial Nerve III, motor
- Upward/downward and medial gaze
- Reaction to light
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Trochlear
- Cranial Nerve IV, motor
- Downward and lateral gaze
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Trigeminal
- Cranial Nerve V, sensory/motor
- Facial sensation
- Muscles of mastication
-
Abducens
- Cranial Nerve VI, motor
- Lateral gaze
-
Facial
- Cranial Nerve VII, sensory/motor
- Taste: anterior tongue
- Muscles of facial expression
-
Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic) Nerve
- Cranial Nerve VIII, sensory
- Ear: hearing & balance
-
Glossopharyngeal
- Cranial Nerve IX, sensory/motor
- Touch, pain: posterior tongue, pharynx
- Taste: posterior tongue
- Gag reflex, ability to swallow
-
Vagus
- Cranial Nerve X, sensory/motor
- Autonomic: thoracic and abdominal vicera
- Gag reflex, ability to swallow, say "ahhh"
- Throat sensation, taste
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Accessory
- Cranial Nerve XI, motor
- Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles
- Shoulder shrug
-
Hypoglossal
- Cranial Nerve XII, motor
- Muscles of the tongue, voluntary
-
Anterior Cord Syndrome
- Incomplete lesion due to compression and damage to the anterior part of the spinal cord
- Mechanism of injury is usually cervical flexion
- Loss of motor function, pain & temperature sense below the lesion
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Brown-Sequard's Syndrome
- Incomplete; usually caused by a stab wound
- Paralysis, loss of vibratory & position sense on the same side as the lesion
- Loss of pain & temperature sense on the opposite side
-
Central Cord Syndrome
- Incomplete; mechanism of injury is usually cervical hyperextension
- Upper extremities are more involved than lower
- Greater motor deficits compared to sensory
-
Posterior Cord Syndrome
- Rare syndrome caused by compression of the posterior spinal artery
- Loss of pain perception, proprioception, two point discrimination, and stereognosis
- Motor function is preserved
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Orthostatic Hypotension
- A decrease in systolic BP greater than 20 mm Hg after moving from supine to sitting
- Caused by a loss of sympathetic control of vasoconstriction and severely reduced muscle tone
-
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
(ATNR)
- Stimulus: Head turned to one side
- Response: Arm & leg on face side are extended, arm & leg on scalp side are flexed
- Resolves: 6mo
- Interferes with: feeding, visual tracking, midline use of hands, rolling, crawling
-
Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
(STNR)
- Stimulus: Cervical flexion or extension
- Response: When in flexion, arms are flexed, legs are extended; when in extension, arms are extended, legs are flexed
- Resolves: 6 to 8 mo
- Interferes with: ability to prop on arms, crawling, quadruped position, holding & looking at objects
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Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
- Stimulus: Position
- Response: Supine = body and extremities in extension; Prone = body and extremities are in flexion
- Resolves: 6 mo
- Interferes with: rolling, prop on elbows, supine to sit
-
Galant Reflex
- Stimulus: Touch skin along spine from shoulder to hip
- Response: Lateral flexion of trunk to side of stimulus
- Resolves: 2 mo
- Interferes with: developement of sitting balance, may cause scoliosis
-
Plantar Grasp Reflex
- Stimulus: Pressure to base of toes
- Response: Toe flexion
- Resolves: 9 mo
- Interferes with: Standing, balance, weight shift
-
Moro Reflex
- Stimulus: Head suddenly drops into extension
- Response: Arms abduct with fingers open, then cross trunk; cry
- Resolves: 5 mo
- Interferes with: Balance reactions, protective responses, eye-hand coordination
-
Startle Reflex
- Stimulus: Loud, sudden noise
- Response: Arms abduct with elbows flexed and fingers closed, cry
- Resolves: 5 mo
- Interferes with: Sitting balance, protective responses in sitting, eye-hand coordination
-
Positive support Reflex
- Stimulus: Weight placed on balls of feet when upright
- Response: Stiffening of legs and trunk into extension
- Resolves: 5 mo
- Interferes with: Standing, walking, weight shift, plantar flexion contractures
-
Stepping Reflex
- Stimulus: Supported upright position with feet on firm surface
- Response: Reciprocal flexion/extension of legs
- Resolves: 2 mo
- Interferes with: Standing, walking, weight shift, smooth reciprocal movements
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CVA Right Hemisphere
- Decreased attention span
- Decreased awareness and judgement
- Impulsive behaviors
- Memory deficits
- Decreased abstract reasoning
-
CVA Left Hemisphere
- Increased frustration
- Decreased processing
- Possible aphasia
- Possible dysphagia
- Motor apraxia
-
CVA Brainstem
- Unstable vital signs
- Decreased ability to swallow
- Weakness & paralysis on both sides
-
CVA Cerebellum
- Decreased balance
- Nausea
- Ataxia & loss of coordination
- Nystagmus
-
Upper Extremity Flexor Synergy
- Scapula: Elevation & retraction
- Shoulder: Abduction and lateral rotation
- Elbow: Flexion
- Forearm: Supination
- Wrist: Flexion
-
Lower Extremity Synergy Pattern
- Hip: Extension, medial rotation, adduction
- Knee: Extension
- Ankle: Plantar flexion, inversion
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Dorsal Scapular Nerve
- From the rami of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the rhomboids and levator scapulae
-
Long Thoracic Nerve
- From the rami of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the serratus anterior
-
Subclavian Nerve
- From the trunks of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the subclavius
-
Suprascapular Nerve
- From the trunks of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus
-
Lateral Pectoral Nerve
- From the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the pectoralis major and minor
-
Musculocutaneous Nerve
- From the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii
-
Median Nerve
- From the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the forearm flexors (except flexor carpi ulnaris)
- Innervates muscles of the hand, digits 1&2 (flexor digitorum, lumbricales, abductor pollicis brevis)
-
Medial Pectoral
- From the medial cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the pectoralis major and minor
-
Ulnar Nerve
- From the medial cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the forearm (flexor carpi ulnaris)
- Most small muscles of the hand, digits 3&4 (flexor digitorum profundus 4&5, lumbricales, flexor digiti minimi)
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Upper Subscapular
- From the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the subscapularis
-
Thoracodorsal Nerve
- From the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the latissimus dorsi
-
Lower Subscapular
- From the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the subscapularis and teres major
-
Axillary Nerve
- From the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the deltoid and teres minor
-
Radial Nerve
- From the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
- Innervates the brachioradialis and the extensor muscles of the forearm
-
Tibial Nerve
- Plantaris
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Posterior Tibialis
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
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