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Sensation
Is the detection of basic stimuli from the enviroment through the sense
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What specialized cells are stimulated by energy?
Sensory receptors
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Transduction
The process in which a form of physical energy is converted into a neural code that be processed by the nervous system
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Absolute Threshold
smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time
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Just Noticeable Difference
(Differecnce Threshold)
smalles possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time
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Weber's Law
The size of the JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimuli
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Sensory Adaptation
Gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus
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Seasoning in food is an example of
Sensory Adaptation
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Perception
process by which the brain organizes, interprets and relates new date to existing knowledge
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Bottome Up processing
to generate a perception based on the constituent parts
Data Driven
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Top Down Processing
TO genenrate a perception based on a concept or idea
Conceptually driven
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Principles of Gestalt
Organizing stimuli into a perception
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Max Wertheimer
Founder of the Gestalt School
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Similiarity is?
- Gestalt Priniciple
- Similiar objects are viewed as a unit
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Closure is?
- Gestalt Principle
- Tendency to fill in the gaps
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Continuity is?
- Gestalt Principle
- Expectaion that lines and movments will continue in a given direction
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Proximity
Objects that are near to one another are viewed as a part of a unit
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Subliminal Perception
Stimuli that are below the level of concious awareness
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Does not create a profound influence on behavior or experience
Subliminal Perception
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Can bias a person's emotions, thought and attitudes about something temporarily
Subliminal Perception
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When people are repeatedly exposed to a stimulus, their liking for that stimuli increases is called?
Mere Exposure Effect
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Personal awarenss of mental activity, internak sensations, and the world around us is known as?
Conciousness
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Concieved of as a stream because it is ceasless but changing is know as?
Conciousness
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Conciousness varies by degrees and is referred to as?
Alertness
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Alertness varies throught the day, when is it at its peak? when is it at its lowest?
- 8 or 9 am & 8 or 9 pm
- 3 pm and 3 am
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Variations in body that occur over a 24 hour period
Circadian rhythm
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How many known biorhythms are there?
100
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Biorhythms are Synchronized by which part of the brain
Hypothalamus
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Considered to be the body's clock within the hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic nuclues
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What Keeps the body's rhythms connected with the enviroment, regulates sleep, and helps melatonin secretion?
Suprachiasmiatic nucleus
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One of the more prominant biorhythms, growth is screted during this time
Sleep
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What levels dimish as the day prgresses?
Serotonin
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What causes drowsiness and when diminishes allows the person to become more alert?
Melatonin
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How are melatonin levels regulated?
- Light stimulates the optics nerve
- Optic nerves are monitered by the SCN
- Ones the SCN detects increased light it triggers the pineal gland to dimish melatonin production
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Effect of being disconnected from indications of date, day, or hour and causes the circadian rhythm to become desunchronized?
Free Running
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Free running casues people to droft into the natural rhythm of the SCN which is?
25 hours lunar month
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Who discovered the EEG in 1920 as wells as frequency and intensity?
Hans Berger
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Discovered the Beta and Alpha waves, sleep cycles, and REM sleep?
Aserinski
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low intesity, very high frequency waves, relaxed in preparation of sleep
Beta Waves
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Drowsiness but not yet asleep, calm or meditative state
Alpha Waves
-
Stage 1
- Mixture of beta and alpha waves
- light sleep, high frequency, low intensity brain waves
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Stage 2
- Theta, and beginning of Delta waves
- Sleep Spindles, burst of high frequency, high intensity brain waves
- Accompanied by Myoclonic Jerk
- Entry to true sleep
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Stage 3
Some delta waves, low frequency high intesity brain waves
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Stage 4
- Deep Restorattive Sleep
- a lot of Delta Waves
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Rapis Eye Movement Sleep
Dreaming
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Sleep Need across a life span
- Decreaes with time
- National Average 8 1/2 hrs
- 6 hrs by age 60
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Restores the body
Non-Rem Sleep
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Consolidates Memory
REM sleep
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inability to initiate or maintain sleep
Insomnia
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Interupted sleep Breathing
Sleep APnea
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Sleep Walking, 25% of children have one episode
Somnambulism
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Pavors Nocturn
Night Terros
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Brain fails to supress voluntary movement, patient acts out dreams
REM sleep behavior disorder
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Sleep attacks, cataplexy, hypnogogic hallucinations, sleep attacks, and sleep paralysis
Narcolepsy
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this theory dreams includes, wish fulfillment, royal road to the unconcious, Manifest content, latent content, and symbols
Freud's theory
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the obvious content in the ectual dream image
Manifest COntent
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hidden contenct underlying meaning of the dream
Latent Content
-
object which representation of something repressed through unconcious association
Symbols
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Who devised the access to unconcious idea in which the patients reports every thought w/o omition
Freud, Free Association
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A student who dreud that would be his succesor
Carl Jung
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What counts did freud and jund disagree on?
- the uncocious was wise instead of bad
- Dream could not be reduced to symbold of sexual conflict
- Amplification instead of Free Association
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Symbols that imply something more than is, and a wider unconcious aspect that is never precisely defined or fully explained
Symbolism
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This view says each person has a personal unconcious as did freud, that dream create wholeness completion and individuation, and that each person has a collective unconcious with symbold shares among all humans
Jung's view of the unconcious
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The unconcious is the oppostie of the concious mind
THe principal of opposites
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Unconcious balances Conciousness
The principal of compensation
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If Dream interpretation requires among other things specialized knowledge of mythology, folklore, fairy talkes, psychology of primitives, and comperative religion, it is know as/
Amplification
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This balance includes, anima and animus, which can be negative or positive
Male/ Female Balance
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Dreams are the subjective awareness of the brains own internally generated signals
Hobson's Activation Synthesis Model
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Part of the Hobson's Activation Synthesis Model, which part of the brian sends randon sensations and images from the Pons?
Brainstem
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Part of the Activation synthesis model, which lobe assigns meaning to the sensation?
Parietal Lobe
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Dream are complied from the resulting stimulations such as
memories, emotions, Sensation
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THe primary visual cortes and frontal lobe that have to do with logic and relaity testing is?
Inactive during dreams
-
this part of the brain is high active during dreams
primitive brain, amygdala and hippocampus
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Freuds SUmmarized Dream theory
- Dreams are symbolized expressions of the unconcious
- THey can be used to identify and relieve psychosexual conflict
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Jung's summarized dream theory
- Dream are symbolic expressions of the unconcious
- THey can be used to increase wholeness, balance, and individuation
-
Hobson dream theory summerized
- Dreams are activated by the random stimulation from the pons
- sotry line are synthesized by the cortex
- Dreams mean nothing
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Tolerance
Increasing amonunts of sunsctance needed to get the desired effect
-
withdrawl
person gets sick when the substance is discontinued
-
LD 50
The dosage of a substance at which 50% of the tests subject die
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Learning
Relatively permant change in behavior resulting from exprience
-
Psychologist believe all behavior is...
learned
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We begin to learn while in the...
Utuerus
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Helpful behavior can be---- and maladaptive behavior can be----
Learned, eliminated
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Ivan Pavlov discovered? which means? and has to do with?
- Classical Conditioning
- Establishing conditions under which a specific behavior is likely to occur
- Reflex, a simple involuntary response to a specific stimuli
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Means of eliminating a learned response, procedure involves presenting the CS without ever pairing it witht he UCS, the CR become Weaker until it disappears entirely
Extinction
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at some future time the subject will suddenly resume the CR, and if it is paired with the UCS is will be fully reinstated
Spontaneous Recovery
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When the extinction procesure is initiated the subject responds initially my greatly increasing the frequency of CR (things get worse before the get start working)
Extinction Burst
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A well established CS can be used as an UCS to produce new Conditioned Responses
Higher Order Conditioning
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a stimuli similiar to the original CS will elicit the CR
Stimulus Generalization
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Leanirng to make fine dictinction between similiar stimuli
Dicrimination
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Factor Affecting Conditioning
Frequency and Times elapse between neutral and UCS
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The first American Behaviorists, published in Hournal of Experimental Psychology, and Performed the case of Little ALbert
J.B Watson
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The case of Little Albert
Classical conditioning can be used to deliberately establish a conditioned emotional response in a human subject
- Rat (NS) + Clang (UCS )=Fear (UCR)
- Rat (CS )=Fear (CR)
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Presents Food aversion as a Classical Conditioning
John Garcia
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Food aversion are unique because
THey violate both rules of frequency AND time lapse
- eat food once (single trial learning)
- food makes htem sick hours later (Time lapse more than 1/2 a second.
-
an organism is innately predisposed to form
certain associations. If the particular association is not one the organism is
prepared to form then the association can be formed only with great difficulty
Biological Preparedness
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discovered that animal behavior patterns can be modified by controlling the consequences
of the behavior, who discovered it, and what is it?
B.F Skinner, operant Conditioning
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A reinforcer is anything that causes a behavior to reoccur.
Reinforcement
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Positive reinforcement mean
Rewards
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Negative Reinforcement
an aversive stimuli, something we will act to avoid or escape. Give some examples.
Avoid something, taking pills for headache, negative reinforcer pain, take pills
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Punishments
Turns off behavior
-
Effect of punishment
– Causes retaliation
– Deteriorates relationship quality
– Results in avoidance or passive aggressive behavior
-
punishment works if
- •
- The subject is
- smaller or less powerful than the person inflicting the punishment.
- •
- The subject can
- not escape the punishment.
- •
- The punishment
- must continually be refreshed.
-
based on the number of target behaviors the
subject is required to perform before a reinforcer is given
Fixed ratio
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every time the behavior occurs, it is reinforced.
Continous Reinforcement
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Useful for skill acquisition
Continuous Rations
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Fixed ratio draw backs
- •
- Expense and the tendency
- for something to lose its reinforcement value.
-
useful for maintaining a particular behavior (motivation) behavior must increase for reinforcement
Extended ratio
-
Based on passage of time
- Interval
- unit of time (hours,min,seconds)
-
Number of target Behaviors exhibited
Ratio
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To gain control of a behavior
Use a 1-1 continous reinforcement schedule (FR-1)
-
schedule constructed in the which the plan is to cary the number of target behaviors required of a subject before each reinforcement
Variable Ration
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Make the most durable behavior
Variable Ratio
-
subject reinforced every so many minutes, hours, days or weeks wohtout regard for number of target behavior
Fixed interval
-
means the amount of time between reinforcers varies
Variable interval
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Reinforcing close apporximation of the desired behaviors intil the target behavior is achieved, also known as succesive approximation
Behavior Shaping
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Focused on locus of control, the role of expectations in learning
Julian Rotter
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Focused on Leanred helplessness, the role of beliefs in learning, shuttle box experiment with dogs
Martin Seligman
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Focused on observational learning, the roles of schema's in learning, did bobo doll experiment
Albert Bandura
-
One's beleif about whi is in control over one's behavior
Locus of control
-
Concept of locus of control, in which the individual is in control
Internalizer
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Extenalizer
The external is in control
-
Expectations influence effort
Learned Helplessness
-
When someone observes a behavior sequence, a schema is formed. Imitation will occur if:
Attend
Remember
Capable of doing action
Expect reinforcement for bahvior performance
Process of modeling
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