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old school beliefs regarding religion?
- 1. polytheists
- 2. gods act on whim, ambenevolent
- 3. people must please/appease gods via sacrifice (humans, animals, food)
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shift of beliefs, new school?
- 1. monotheists (muslim, hebrews, christians)
- 2. benevolent (kind, loving) all knowing, powerful
- 3. live moral lives
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define moral freedom
the ability/capacity to choose between right and wrong
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discuss morality and ethics.
morals - how you treat yourself
ethics - how you treat others
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what ideas contributed to the monotheist concept of individual worth?
Individual = under gods image, divine spark, dignity that can't ever be taken away
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how is individual worth expressed in democracy?
1. one QP= one vote
2. vote or conscience
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relate moral freedom to laws
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without beliefs of ability to choose right or wrong, no accountability
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2 ways roman empire helped spread christianity
1. Diaspora
2. constantine - 380 A.D. made it official language of Roman empire
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Identify Islam
- based of teachings of Muhammad
- Qu'ran
- early 600's
- Allah
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legacy of monotheistic religions to democracy
- -Duty of individuals to combat oppression and justice
- -worth of individual
- -equality of people
- -tolerance
- -charity
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define legacy
lasting effect
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purpose/belief/view of life in middle ages?
preparation for afterlife, service to church, accept you position
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purpose of life in renaissance?
live life to the fullest
-individualism, art, explanation, buisness
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define reformation
religious movement lead by martin luther + protestants to reform catholic church, "paid pardons"
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how did the renaissance + reformation shape democratic ideas? How?
emphasized importance of individuals, ability to question authority
by challenging authority of pope, supporting ideas that people interpret bible for themselves, direct relationship with god
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What important legal practice dates back to henry II?
Trial by Jury
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What did one have to do to "prove" innocence before?
survive physical test
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what impact did english common law have on the united states?
its principles are the foundation for law in the U.S.
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how does common law differ from Roman Law?
common law reflects the customs and principles of country
Roman law represents the will of the ruler
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what were the main achievements of the glorious revolution?
Parliment's right to limit the power of the monarch + guarantee citizens rights + liberties.
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name 2 basic individual rights guaranteed in the magna carta
Jury trail
protection under law
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magna carta
contract between king and nobles, limited power of king
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common law
reflected customs and principles over time... precedents, common to kingdom
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due process of law
to have the law work in known and orderly ways
- -right to jury trial
- -protection under law
- -no arbitrary punishment
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parliment
england's national legislature. house of commons and lords, had "power of the purse"
- -gave advice to royals
- -made laws
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divine right
kings claimed their power from god, chosen by god
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glorious revolution
william and mary crowned co-rulers, parliment controls succession of throne. power is limited even more.
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constitutional monarchy
powers of ruler limited, "checked" by laws + constitution
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Bill of rights
summary of essential rights + liberties
ex. free speech
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what was englands legacy to democracy?
- -rule of law
- -parliment government
- -individual liberties
- -constitutional monarchy
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