Biodiversity exam 2

lycopodia spores

Psilotum (wisk fern)only stems. No leaves or roots.

Club moss

Spike moss

Whisk fern

horsetail

First stage in the development of a moss gametophyte (will look like algae)

prothallus

All spores are the same

Male and female spores. Microspores and megaspores (Selaginella and Isoetes)

All are heterosporous

Psilotum (whisk fern), Lycopodium (club moss)

Equisetum (horse tails, scouring rushes). Cells filled with silicon

Male spore

Female spore

A complex leaf on a fern which is responsible for photosynthesis and reproduction. Spores are produced under the frond.

A cone structure where spores are born. On lycopodium (club mosses)

Clusters of spore-producing sporangia located on the underside of fronds (the leaves of ferns)

A covering of the sorus (on the fronds of ferns). Is a sterile area

Responsible for spreading and projecting spores in ferns. A ring or group of thick wall cells around the sporangia of many ferns that function in spore release

commercially, peat moss is used as fuel, soil conditioner, by florists

The male gametophyte (haploid). Produces sperm

The female gametophyte (haploid). Contains an egg

Naked seed

Cycads and ginkophyta

They are extinct in nature. Preserved only because monks in China (??) liked them and build them around monestaries. They are used as medicine (enhances memory. Is an anti-age cerebral)

• Mature ovary with its seeds.
• Either simple (from a single ovary), or
• compound (from many ovaries fusing together)

the fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and capable normally of germination to produce a new plant

Resin is located in the wood. Resin has antibacterial and antifungal properties to prevent infection in trees.

• herbacious plants - leaves and stems die at the
• end of the growing season (annual, perrenial, and biennial)
• woody plants- perrenial. stems and branches always growing throughout the year

Cycadophyta, because they date back 200 million years to the Jurassic period

• Soft wood trees (ex. Conifers). Lack thick walls and xylem cells.
• Hard wood trees (angiosperms)

• Homosporous means that all spores are the same. (lycopodium)
• Heterosporous means that there are Male and female spores. Microspores and megaspores (Selaginella and Isoetes), and all flowering plants

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains. Fertilization is the sperm actually reaching the egg. They are not the same

• Pistil- female reproduction
• Stigma- receptive part. Receives pollen
• Style- neck
• Ovary- contains seeds. Has ovules (unfertilized egg)
• Stamen- male reproductive part. Contains Anther and filament
• Sepal- green, leaf-like below petal
• Petals- attract pollinator
• Receptacle- stem or point of attachment for all of the flower parts

Have all parts of the flower

Missing one or more parts of the flower

Have both male and female parts

• Have only one sex.
• Pisillate- female only
• Staminate- male only

produces both male and female parts on the same plant. Ex: conifers

Each plant is either male or female, but not both

• Fleshy fruit with hard or stony endocarp
• Cherry, peach, plum, apricots

• Fleshy fruit when outer ring is hard, endocarp is not divisible into sections
• Watermelon, cucumber, cantaloupe

• Pericarp divided into many layers
• Lemon, lime, orange

• Fleshy fruit which all three layers are succulent, juicy
• Grape, tomato, blueberry

A dry fruit. (beans, peas)

The gametophyte of the true fern (pterophyta). Contains archegonia and antheridia

• Weakened area so seeds fall out
• Legume (pod like and splits on both sides) (pea, peanut)
• Capsule (splits by pores or circular openings) (brazil nut)
• Follicle (splits on one side only)
• Schizocarp (splitting fruit)(okra pod)

• Ovary wall doesn’t split open naturally and must decay. Split on predetermined line
• Caryopsis-grain (ovary wall fused to seed. Cannot
• separate)
• Achene- (single seeded fruit not fused to
• ovary wall) (sunflower seed)
• Nut-( entire pericarp is hard. Doesn’t permit
• seed to escape. Single seeded. Seed germinates inside and pushes out) (walnut,
• coconut)

Trees lose their leaves in winter

• One cotyledon
• Parallel veins
• Petals and sepals in multiples of 3
• Fibrous root system
• Stems have scattered vascular bundles
• No true woody monocots

• Two cotyledons
• Netted veins
• Petals and sepals in multiples of 4 or 5
• Primary root system
• Concentric rings of vascular tissue
• Both herbivorous and woody

Stored food for the embryo that will eventually become caryledon

A diploid zygote matures into a sporophyte that contain sporangium. When the sporangium mature, they release spores. (Not too sure about the next part). The spores mature into either an archegonium (femal) or antheridia (male). The male sperm will fertilize the female archegonium (egg) which will create a diploid zygote again!

Gametophyte. Spores produced are gametophyte.

Sporophyte. When sperm fertilizes the egg, it becomes a sporophyte