microorganisms that may be present in or on the body under certain
conditions and for certain lengths of time; they are easier to remove by
mechanical friction than resident flora
Transient Flora
present in all humans
exist from birth
act against all or most pathogens
first line of defense rapid response
non specific mechanisms
activate in response to a pathogen
active against specific pathogens
prevent reinfection
specific mechanisms (offensive)
species immunity
behavioral immunity
racial immunity
population immunity
innate immunity
skin
mucous membrane
ciliary movement
mechanical barriers (defensive)
lysozomes in saliva and tears
acid in stomach
sticky acidic vaginal secretions
chemical barriers (offensive)
Protein response for virus
protect normal cells from affected cells
alpha beta gamma
Interferon
produced by almost all cells
especially effective against viral infections
alpha and beta
produced by natural killer cells and by specific lymph-nodes
gamma
protein infections
non-specific innate and specific immune response
20 different proteins
aggregate from membrane attack complex (MAC)
triggered by antibody binding to microbes
amplifies inflammatory response
Complement
Aggregate to form a ___ ____ ____ that inserts into the plasma membrane of the invading cells. Fluid enters the cell through the pore, causing the cell to swell and burst.
Membrane Attack Complex
White Blood Cells
circulate through body
attack invading microbes within tissue
Granulocytes or Agranulocytes
Leukocytes
Granuloes with in cytoplasm
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
Granulocytes
No granuloes
monocytes
natural killer cells
B & T lymphocytes (specific immune response)
agranulocytes
most abundant
eliminate microbes by phagocytosis
short life span
not found in healthy tissue
release chemical that kills bacteria
Neutrophils
large irregular shaped cells
kills microbes by phagocytosis
roam the extracellular fluid
macrophages
process by which neutrophils and macrophages kill pathogens
four steps
*recognition
*engulfment
*destruction
*expulsion
Phagocytosis
kill cells of the body that have been invaded by viruses and intracellular pathogens
kill by lysis
also kill cancer cells
Natural killer cells
a molecule that provokes an immune response
antigen
respond to antigens by producing proteins called antibodies
bind to antigen
B cells
do not secrete antibodies they regulate immune response and also directly attack cells that carry specific antigens
mature in thymus
T Cells
originate and mature in bone marrow
released to circulate in blood and lymph
recognize specific foreign antigens
B cells
Variable region of heavy chain
antigen binding site
variable region of light chain
constant region of heavy chain
constant region of light chain
structure of an antibody
firs antibody secreted during primary immune response promotes agglutination reaction in blood and extracellular fluids
pentamer
IgM
secreted during secondary response most abundant form in blood plasma maternal Ab activates complement
monomer
IgG
most abundant form in body secretions breast milk tears saliva mucus
Dimer
IgA
present on the surface of B cells as receptors assists in activation of B cells
monomer
IgD
promotes the release of histamine which triggers and allergic reaction effective against worms
monomer
IgE
originate in bone marrow
mature in thymus
identify micro-organisms by he antigens exposed on their surface
T Cells
initiate the immune response
T Cells
Helper T Cells
provide a quick response to previously encountered antigen
T Cell
Memory T Cells
lyse cells that have been infected by viruses also attack transplanted tissue and cause graft rejection
T cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
terminate the immune response
T cell
Suppressor T cell
abnormal B cell response
occurs within seconds or minutes
IgE mast cells
allergens dust bee sting pollen food
treated with antihistamines
Type I immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis
abonormal Ab response IgG & IgM
activation of complement and phagocytosis
transfusion reactions Rh disease of new born
Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Abnormal Ag-Ab complexes form and deposit throughout the body stimulating complement and phagocytosis
IgG & IgM
systemic lupus
treated with steroids
Type III immune complex hypersensitivity
abnormal T cell response
produces symptoms about 48 hours to weeks after exposure cannot be treated with antihistamines
corticosteroids are used
poison ivy
Type IV delayed hypersensitivity cell mediated hyper...
obtained by injecting an antigen into an animal and later drawing blood effective against a number of antigenic sites
polyclonal antibodies
specific for one antigenic determinant site coated onto beads and used in detection test
monoclonal antibodies
an agent that kills bacteria
bactericidal
an agent that inhibits growth of bacteria but does not usually kill them
bacteriostatic
contamination of an object by microbes septicemia is microbial infection of the blood
sepsis
free of microbial contamination
aseptic
are natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms
antibiotics
are chemically synthesized compounds used in the treatment of infectious diseases
chemotherapeutic agents
block folic acid synthesis
sulfa drugs and folic acid analogs
sulfanilamide
sulfa drug
trimethoprim
folic acid analog
interfere with synthesis of bacterial cell wall which is not present in eukaryotes
bind to and inhibit enzymes needed for synthesis of peptidoglycan no effect on resting cells lethal to dividing cells
beta lactams
penicillin
cephalosporins
carbapenems
B-lactams
inhibit bacterial protien synthesis
70s ribosomes of bateria is different than that of 80s ribosomes of eukaryotes
bind to small subunite and precent formation of initiation complex
halt protein synthesis in the bacteria
bind to cmall ribosomal subuint and prevent transfer of activated amino acids to the ribosomes thus halting protien synthesis
discoloration of teath broad specturum