BIO 264 BIOCHEMISTRY

• gaining electrons
• losing electrons
• a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another to fill the outer orbital

an ion with a positive charge

an ion with an negative charge

• sharing electrons
• electrons are shared to fill the outer orbital

• Share 2 electrons
• one pair on electrons

• Share 4 electrons
• two pair of electrons

• Share 6 electrons
• three pair of electrons

unequal sharing of electrons; there is a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge on the molecule

• water
• oxygen region is slightly negative since electrons are drawn closer to oxygen nucleus
• hydrogen regions of water are slightly positive since electrons are closer to oxygen but the positive proton of hydrogen remains

unequal sharing of electrons

equal sharing of electrons

water soluble BUT insoluble in lipid

insoluble in water BUT lipid soluble

• releases a hydrogen ion (H+) or proton
• (proton donor)

• a hydrogen ion or proton acceptor
• (acceptor)

measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

below 7

above 7

7

minimize or resist pH changes

7.4 +/-

pH below 7.4

pH above 7.4

• hydroxyl (OH)
• amino (NH₂)
• carboxyl (COOH)

• H₂O
• O₂
• CO₂
• electrolytes

• contain carbon and hydrogen
• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• vitamins + other organic molecules

• structural protein
• contractile or muscle protein
• immunological or antibodies
• hormones
• transport or carrier proteins
• enzymes

• collagen
• keratin
• elastin
• spectrin

• actin
• myosin

defense against disease

regulatory proteins; regulate metabolism

blood and cell membranes

20

body can synthesize

required in diet

• central carbon
• amion group
• acid or carboxyl group
• hydrogen
• "R" group

• amino acids bonded together
• (dehydration synthesis)

50 or more amino acids in the chain

less than 50 amino acids in chain

smaller molecules bond together to form a larger molecule

bonds between subunits of a larger molecule are broken to release the smaller subunits

protein structure or shape is altered by changes in temperature and pH

• primary structure
• secondary structure
• tertiary
• quaternary

sequence of amino acids

helix or twisting

folding

• several chains
• hemoglobin

molecule or molecules the enzyme acts upon

place on enzyme where the substrate attaches or bonds

region on protein function or reaction occurs

metal ions

vitamins

• body temperature regulation
• regulation of acid/base balance or pH

CH₂O

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides

• simple or single sugars
• pentose sugars
• hexose sugars

• 5 carbons
• ribose (RNA)
• deoxyribose (DNA)

• 6 carbons
• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

• two hexose sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis
• sucrose
• maltose
• lactose

glucose + fructose

glucose + glucose

glucose + galactose

• many glucose molecules joined by dehyd. syn
• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose