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Spearman's G
General Inteligence used in al cognitive tasks
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cattell and horn's views on intelligence
- fluid- reasoning
- crystallized- facts
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gardner's views of multiple intelligences
at least 8 different intelligences
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Ssternberg's views of multiple intelligences
-tiarchic theory of successful intelligences- three part description of the mental abilities (thinking processes, coping with new experiences, and adapting to context) that lead to intelligent behavior
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what do IQ tests tell us
the probability of a student succeeding in schools
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betwen clas ability grouping
system of grouping in which students are assigned to classes based on their measured ability or acheivements
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withing class ability grouping
students in a class are divided into different groups based on ability
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flexible grouping
grouping and regrouping based on learning needs
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IEP
- individualized education program
- -annually revised program for an exceptional student, detailing present achievement level, goals, and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, specialists, and the student
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LRE
- leastrestrictive environment
- educating each child with peers in the regular classes to the greatest extent possible
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teaching gifted students
curiculum compacting- asessing students knowledge of the aterial in the instructional unit, then teaching only for goals not reached
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Head Start
- -For minorities
- - content based on state systems
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multicultural education
education that promotes equity in schooling of all students
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social class
known level of social standing
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socioeconomic status
- SES
- -relative standing in society based on income, power, background, and prestige
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How does SES relate to students education
students with higher SES succeed more frequently
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how do racial and ethnic diferences affect students
hispanic and african american students acheive less
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stereotype threat
extra emotional and cognitive burden that your performance can confirm a stereotype that others hold about you
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prejudice
prejudgement or irrational judgement about an entire category of people
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descrimination
treating or acting unfairl toward particular categories of people
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gender bias
different views of males and females, often favoring one gender over another
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culturaly relevant pedagogy
excelentteaching for students of color that includes academic success, deviloping or maintining cultural competence, and developing a critical consciousness to challenge the students
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resilience
ability to adapt successfuly in spite of difficultcircumstances and threats to development
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contiguity
learning by association; pairing of 2 things together results in those things being associated
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classical conditioning
learning of involuntary responses
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operant conditioning
learn to behave certain ways when we interact with an environment
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neutral stimulus
thing that initially elicits no response
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unconditioned stimulus
no need for training; naturally occuring
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unconditioned response
no need for training; naturally occuring
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conditioned stimulus
things that cause a response
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conditioned response
response from a presentation of a conditioned stimulus
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anticedent
stimulus immediately prior to behavior
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consequences
- stimulus that occurs immediately after the behavior
- -positive- adding something
- -negative- removing something
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continuous reinforcement
afer every response
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fixed interval reinforcement
after a set period of time
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variable interval
random interval of time
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fixed ratio
reinrcement after a set number of responses
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variable ratio
reinforcement after random number of responses
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cueing
reminder of te expected behavior
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prompting
secondary cue that follows the first
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applied behavior analysis
- -define behavior
- -measure amount
- -set atainable goals
- -identify reinforcers
- -select teaching procedures
- -rehearse key elements
- -impliment the plan
- -monitor results
- -maintain and generalize your gains
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premack principle
high frequency behavior can be a good reinforcer for a low frequency behavior
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functional behavior analysis
- focused on why the bahavior not what the behavior is
- 4 categories
- -recieve afttention from others
- -escape an unpleasant situation
- -get something a child wants
- -meet necessary needs
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social learning theory
learn from observing others
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observational learning
learn not only how to do it, but what happens when you do it
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