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Communication develops within three broad age ranges...
Infancy, Preschool, School-age
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From birth on, infants prefer experiences that support...
communication development
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Infants are active participants in...
communication exchanges
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From birth on, caregivers treat infants as...
communication partners
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Whose theory supports that when an infant yawns, their caregiver responds by recognizing their tiredness?
Skinner's
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Intentionality
the awareness that communication signals have an effect on others
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Studied infants' transition from prelinguistic communication to language
Bates
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Three stages of communication development based on intentionality according to Bates
Prelocutionary, Illocutionary, Locutionary
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Prelocutionary Stage
Preintentional
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Illocutionary Stage
intentional
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Locutionary Stage
Conventional
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Timeline that infants use words to express their intentions
around one year
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Throughout all three stages, caregivers (fill in the blank) their infants' communication skills in three ways
scaffold
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Motherese
higher overall pitch, exaggerated intonation, slower speech, more restricted vocabulary, shorter conversations
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Stark said...
infants babble before they speak, there are stages of babbling.
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Not all vocalizations are...
babbling or speech!
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Stage Four (6 to 12 months)
true babbling, jargon, gibberish, reduplicated syllables
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Stage Five (9 to 18 months)
Protowords and True Words
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Other skills develop in Stage Five
the illocutionary stage ends, the locutionary stage begins
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Protowords
consistent sound sequences, consistent meaning, and lack of conventional form
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True Words
sound like adult words, have conventional meanings
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In the Preschool Period, Roger Brown developed a measure
he measured utterance length by counting morphemes
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Free Morpheme
can stand alone
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Bound Morpheme
affixes that must be attached to a root word
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MLU (Mean Length of Utterance)
measures the complexity of words
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Mommy, doggie eated popcorn!
- Mommy = 1
- Doggie = 1
- Eated (changed tense) = 2
- Popcorn = 1
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MLU Calculation
- Step 1: Count the number of morphemes in each utterance
- Step 2: Add total number of morphemes in sample
- Step 3: Divide by total number of utterances
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By the end of Stage 1, children are producing...
telegraphic speech
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Pronouns emerge at...
- Stage Two
- (Children with autism may speak this way longer)
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Stage Three has...
negative sentences (between the age 2 and 3)
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"Wh" words are acquired in a ...
predictable sequence
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MLU Stage 6 and Beyond...
- Child continues to elaborate skills
- Child has established a strong oral language base to support the development of literacy at school
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During the preschool period...
children acquire words quickly
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Semantic Feature Theory
each conventional word is defined by a unique set of semantic features
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Initially, children's words are defined by...
only one or two perceptual features
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Overextension
extends the word to a larger number of referents than those included in the adult category
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Underextension
child extends the word to fewer referents than those included in the conventional category
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Prototype Theory (Bowerman)
all words are defined by reference to prototypes
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Prototype
the best example of a category
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Family resemblance
varies among exemplars
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Language development at school age involves...
syntax and semantics
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Syntax
- children elaborate skills learned during preschool
- children learn new forms
- Gerunds
- Passive Sentences
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Semantics
- Children continue to learn new vocabulary
- Children are also learning to define words
- They learn that some words have multiple meanings
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Nonliteral Meanings
- Metaphor
- Simile
- Idiom
- Proverbs
- Jokes
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Humor develops gradually...
6 to 9 years old understand the form but not the point of the humor
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Pragmatics for School-Age...
conversational competence increases
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Metalinguistic Ability
the ability to reflect on language itself as a topic of inquiry
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By first grade, children develop the (fill in the blank) to support the development of reading
phonological awareness
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