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Excitable
Respond to stimuli
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What % is muscle mass?
40%
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Contractility
Respond to stimuli
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Extensibility
Extends but may not go back to original form
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Elastic
Stretches like a rubber band. Goes back to original shape.
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Muscles produce heat by
Antagonistic-quivering
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Basic functions
Motion, body posture, heat production
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Skeletal muscles
Stiated, voluntary-moves skeleton
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Smooth muscle
Walls of organs and blood vessels, unstriated and involuntary-autonomic nervous system
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Cardiac muscle
Heart muscle, unstriated, involuntary
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Connective tissue layers of muscle
- 1. Epimysium-around whole muscle
- 2. Perimysium-Sperates fascicles (Sections within muscle)
- 3. Endomysium-Around each muscle fiber
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Order of muscle anatomy
Skeletal muscle>Epimysium>Fascicles>Perimysium>Muscle fiber>Endomysium>Muscle fiber>Myofibrils>filaments
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Microscopic structure
Muscle>Muscle Fibers>Myofibers>Myofibrils>Myofilaments>Actin and Myosin
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Sarcolema
Cell membrane of muscle cell
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Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of muscle cell
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
ER of muscle cell
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Sarcomere
Distance between contractile segemnts (Z-lines)
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Myosin
Thick filaments-includes H-and & A-band (both actin & mysosin)
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Long tail and globular heads..
Myosin with ATP
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I-Band
Main part of thin filaments-Actin
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G-actin
Globular subunits of actin
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F-actin
Chains of G-actin woven together in a braided hair-like structure
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Tropomyosin
Long single strand lying in the grooves of F-actin
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Muscles can shorten by what %?
40-50%
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Carry nerve impulse to muscle fiber
Motor neurons
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Mortor neuron and all of its muscle fibers
Motor unit
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Neuromuscular junction
Junction between neuron and muscle fibers
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Motor end plate
Part of sarcolemma associated with axon terminal
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Impulse and AP pathway
Impulse>axon terminal depolarizes>exocytosis of Ach>To receptor cell motor end plate>inc. Na permiability>AP moves down sarcolemma
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L-tubules are where?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Excitation and relaxation of muscles
Signal down T-tubules>Sarcoplasm>Ca out>Troponin>excite/Relax>Ca pump in>sarcoplasm>L-tubules
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ATP in mysosin is used when?
Causes myosin head to detach and swivel to next troponin
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Actin does what in respects to mysosin
Actin slides over myosin heads. Actin moves, myosin filaments do not
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Actin and myosin movement picture
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When contracted, Z-lines and H-band does what?
- Z-line gets pulled together
- H-band disappears
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Upon muscle relaxation, what happens?
- No nerve impulse>No depolorization>No release of Ca
- Ca pump returns Ca to L-tubules
- Requires ATP
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To remove P from ATP what is needed? ADP + Pi
Phosphocreatine
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Oxidative phosphorylation happens where?
Mitochondria, aerobic
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Isotonic
Tension>load=muscle contraction
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Isometric
Load>tension=No shortening-antagonistic
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Twitch is
Single stimulus>lag period>contracts>relaxes
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More motor units used...Stronger contraction
Spatial summation
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Restimulate muscle before it relaxes
Temporal summation=stronger contraction
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No relation between contractions
Tetany
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Missing distrophen protein
Dushane disease
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Fibers preplaced by fatty or connective tissues
Muscular distrophy
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Muscular autrophy-neuromuscular junction-AB to Ach binding site
Myasthenia Gravis
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Location-Blood vessels, heart, organs, etc
smooth muscle
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Syncitium
One impulse across entire muscle-better faster contractions
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Tone-contracts slower and sustains contractions
Smooth muscle
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Can shorten more and stretches more
smooth muscle
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Smooth muscle has poorly developed
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Cardiac muscle is what?
Involunarty, striated
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Intercalated discs
Between cardiac muscles for contraction continuity
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Desmosomes
Allows for simultanious contractions-gap junction
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Central nervous system consists of (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
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PNS periferral nervous system consists of two types of nerves. What are they and their direction?
- Afferent-to brain
- Efferent-From brain
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Efferent neurons are what type?
Motor neurons
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Afferent Neurons are what type?
Sensory neurons
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Anatomy of brain has 4 main parts
- 1. Brain stem
- 2.Diencephalon
- 3. Cerebrum
- 4. Cerebellum
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Brain stem has 3 parts.
- 1. Medulla oblongata
- 2. Pons Varolii
- 3. Midbrain
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Medulla Oblongata does what?
- Highway for motor and sensory impulse
- -Cardiac center
- -Respiratory center
- -vasomotor center
- -swallowing, sneezing, coughing center
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Pons Varolli is located where?
Superior to Medulla
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Pons Varolii does what?
- Connects brain stem to brain-white matter
- -Part of respiratory center
- -Has cranial nerves
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Cranial nerve #6
Eyeball motion
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Cranial nerve #7
Facial expressions
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Cranial nerve #8
Equilibrium
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Total amount of cranial nerves?
12
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What is located in the midbrain?
Substantia Nigra
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Midbrain is located where?
Between the pons and diencephalon
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The midbrain does what?
Continuation of sensory and motor neurons-upper and lower CNS
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Diencephalon has two parts
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Thalmus characteristics
- 2 masses of gray matter. 20 nuclei (nerves)
- Replay station for afferent impulses
- Pain, temp., pressure recognition
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Hypothalmus does what?
- Produces hormones to instruct pituitary
- -Temp, feeding/satiety center, thirst, Limpic center (fear and rage, sex drive)
- -Endocrine control, regulates smooth muscle contractions
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Cerebrum is the..
Largest part of brain
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Gary matter and white matter is where in the Cerebellum?
- Cerebral cortex-Gray
- Inner cerebellum-White matter
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Occipital lobe
Back of brain-vision
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Temporal lobe
Lower brain-hearing & olfactory
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Parietal lobe
Mid brain-Taste, touch, joint receptors
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Frontal lobe
Front of brain-Dicission making, speech, voluntary motor, thought
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Cerebral cortex is divided into
Motor and sensory areas
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Primary sensory
Parietal lobe
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Primary motor
Frontal lobe
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Precentral gyrus
Motor cortex
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Wernicke's Area
Hearing, vision
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Angular gyrus
- Integrate hearing and vision
- Troubles here-Problem reading and not writing or trouble writing but not reading
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Vegus Nerve
#10-Motor goes to organs. ONLY slows heart
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White matter Spinal cord
Outside
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Spinal cord gray matter
Inside
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Spinal cord nerve
Collection of nerve fibers (axons) OUTSIDE CNS
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Spinal cord ganglion
Collection of cell bodies (somas) OUTSIDE CNS
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Ascending tracts
Up spinal cord
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Desecending tracts
Down spinal cord
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Spinal cord nuclei
Same as ganglion but INSIDE CNS
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Acending tracts are
White matter to brain
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Descending tracts are
Gray matter from brain
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Meninges layers, 3 of them
- 1. Pia mater-Innermost
- 2. Arachnoid-Middle
- 3. Dura mater-Outermost, encloses blood sinus
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Ventricles of brain
4 interconnected cavities
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Polymyelitis
Polio-Virus distroys motor nerve cell bodies
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Cerbral palsy
Damage to cerebral cortex and cerebellum
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Parkinsons disease
Tremors, lack dopamine which normal inactivates Ach in brain. Depronil to substitute dopamine. Affect substantia nigra
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MS
Multiple sclerosis-Destruction of myelin sheaths. AB against myelin-autrophy
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Tay-sachs
Build up of sphingolipids-Brain nerve cell degeneration-Lack EZ to break down sphingolipids
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Brain waves
- Alpha-Resting
- Beta-Active, fastest
- Theta-Emotional distress (normal for newborns)
- Delta-Slowest, awake infant, sleeping adult
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Synpathetic NS
- Thoracic and lumbar
- LONG postganglionic
- SHORT preganglionic
- Innervates entire body
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Parasympathetic NS
- Brain stem and sacral region
- SHORT postgangionic
- LONG preganglionic
- Innervates head and lower abdomen
- #10 vagus nerve
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Andrenergic release
Norepinephrine/epinephrine
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All preganglionic nerves release what?
Cholingergic-Ach
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Parasympathetic postganglionic nerves release what?
Cholinergic-Ach
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Sympathetic postganglionic nerves release what?
- Adrenergic-norephinephrine/epinephrine
- Except sweat glands-Ach
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Fast Pain
Initial pain. Type A nerves
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Slow pain
More diffused-heart attack. Type C nerves
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Lateral pathway
Pain and temp
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Anterior pathway
Crude touch, pressure
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Posterior pathway
Fine touch, vibration, weight sesitivity
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2 major voluntary motor pathways
- Pyramidal pathways-percise muscle movement
- Extrapyramidal pathways-Auditory, visual, head movements, equilibrium
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Engram
Neural tacing of an experience
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Synaptic facilitation
Repeating passages across synapse. Easier for next signal to come through
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
Brain stem area responsible for arousal
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Pons and medulla produce what?
Sleep. release seritonin-Inhibit RAS
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